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Disease & Immunity

General Science · Biology & Environment

Useful for: Railway RRB, CTET, OTET, OSSTET, OSSC RHT — Regular High School Teacher, CSIR NET, CTSA / STSS, Junior Teacher

and 12 more exams

OAVS, OSEPA Upper Primary — Science, OSSC Science, OSSC Teacher Readiness, OSSSC Govt TGT Science — CBZ, OSSSC Govt TGT Science — PCM, Sainik Schools, Special OTET, SSB Lecturer (Degree Colleges), SSB School Teachers, SSB TGT CBZ, SSB TGT PCM

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Overview

Diseases are caused by pathogens (bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi) or deficiencies; immunity and vaccines protect the body.

Key points

Bacterial: tuberculosis, typhoid, cholera; viral: polio, measles, COVID-19, AIDS (HIV).
Protozoan: malaria (Plasmodium, spread by the female Anopheles mosquito).
Fungal: ringworm.
Vaccines train the immune system; Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine.
BCG vaccine protects against tuberculosis.

Explanation

Antibiotics act on bacteria, not viruses.
Dengue is a viral disease spread by the Aedes mosquito.
Antibodies are made by white blood cells.
Clean water prevents cholera and typhoid.

Step by step

Identify the concept or law involved.
Recall the definition, unit or formula.
Check units and the direction of the effect before choosing.

Examples

BCG vaccine is given against → tuberculosis.
Malaria is caused by → Plasmodium.
AIDS is caused by → HIV.

Traps and advanced points

Trap: Using antibiotics for viral infections.
Trap: Mixing Anopheles and Aedes.
Trap: Calling malaria bacterial.

Quick revision

Pathogen ↔ disease.
BCG → TB.
Anopheles → malaria; Aedes → dengue.

Practice MCQs

Concept check: Vitamin C deficiency causes which disease?
1. Beriberi
2. Night blindness
3. Scurvy
4. Rickets
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Answer: (c) Scurvy. Vitamin C deficiency causes Scurvy.
Concept check: Which blood cells primarily carry oxygen?
1. Lymphocytes only
2. Platelets
3. Red blood cells
4. Neutrophils only
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Answer: (c) Red blood cells. Red blood cells (blood) cells primarily carry oxygen.
Concept check: Which lens is used to correct simple hypermetropia?
1. Concave lens
2. Plane glass only
3. Convex lens
4. No lens
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Answer: (c) Convex lens. Convex lens is used to correct simple hypermetropia.
Exam practice: A convex lens is commonly used to correct which defect?
1. Myopia
2. Hypermetropia
3. Night blindness
4. Astigmatism only
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Answer: (b) Hypermetropia. A convex lens is commonly used to correct Hypermetropia.
Exam practice: Gas exchange in human lungs occurs mainly in what structures?
1. Alveoli
2. Villi
3. Tendons
4. Nephrons
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Answer: (a) Alveoli. Gas exchange in human lungs occurs mainly in what structures? — Alveoli.
Tuberculosis is caused by a —
1. bacterium
2. fungus
3. protozoan
4. virus
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Answer: (a) bacterium. Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Malaria is caused by —
1. Plasmodium
2. a virus
3. bacteria
4. fungus
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Answer: (a) Plasmodium. Protozoan Plasmodium.
Malaria is spread by the female —
1. Anopheles mosquito
2. housefly
3. Culex mosquito
4. Aedes mosquito
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Answer: (a) Anopheles mosquito. Anopheles transmits malaria.
Dengue is spread by the —
1. Anopheles mosquito
2. Aedes mosquito
3. sandfly
4. tsetse fly
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Answer: (b) Aedes mosquito. Aedes transmits dengue.
Antibiotics are effective against —
1. fungi only
2. viruses
3. bacteria
4. all diseases
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Answer: (c) bacteria. Antibiotics do not act on viruses.