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Plant Biology & Ecology

General Science · Biology & Environment

Useful for: Railway RRB, REET, UPTET, BPSC TRE, Assistant Teacher Recruitment (Super TET), Bihar STET, OSSC RHT — Regular High School Teacher, Bihar Assistant Professor

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Overview

Plants make food by photosynthesis and form the base of food chains; ecosystems pass energy through trophic levels.

Key points

Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ in the presence of light and chlorophyll.
Stomata on leaves allow gas exchange and transpiration.
Pollination transfers pollen; fertilisation forms seeds.
Producers (plants) → consumers → decomposers.
About 10% of energy passes to the next trophic level.

Explanation

Xylem carries water up; phloem carries food.
Decomposers (bacteria, fungi) recycle nutrients.
Food webs are interconnected food chains.
Biomagnification increases toxins up the chain.

Step by step

Identify the concept or law involved.
Recall the definition, unit or formula.
Check units and the direction of the effect before choosing.

Examples

Photosynthesis releases → oxygen.
Gas exchange in leaves happens through → stomata.
In grass → deer → tiger, the producer is → grass.

Traps and advanced points

Trap: Thinking plants release CO₂ during photosynthesis.
Trap: Calling decomposers producers.
Trap: Ignoring the 10% law.

Quick revision

Photosynthesis equation.
Stomata.
10% law.

Practice MCQs

ALP Basic Science & Engineering: Which statement opening is correctly completed by “ultraviolet radiation”?
1. CPU stands for
2. ozone layer mainly absorbs much of the Sun’s
3. greenhouse effect is intensified by increased atmospheric
4. an operating system mainly
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Answer: (b) ozone layer mainly absorbs much of the Sun’s. Stratospheric ozone reduces harmful UV reaching Earth.
ALP Basic Science & Engineering: Which statement opening is correctly completed by “greenhouse gases”?
1. first-angle and third-angle projection are methods used in
2. SI base unit of length
3. mechanical advantage of a machine is
4. greenhouse effect is intensified by increased atmospheric
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Answer: (d) greenhouse effect is intensified by increased atmospheric. CO₂, methane and other gases trap outgoing infrared radiation.
ALP Basic Science & Engineering: Complete the statement: “Ozone layer mainly absorbs much of the Sun’s ____.”
1. ultraviolet radiation
2. a low-resistance path for fault current
3. load/effort
4. manages hardware/resources and provides services to applications
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Answer: (a) ultraviolet radiation. Stratospheric ozone reduces harmful UV reaching Earth.
ALP Basic Science & Engineering: Complete the statement: “Greenhouse effect is intensified by increased atmospheric ____.”
1. ultraviolet radiation
2. kilogram
3. useful output/input × 100%
4. greenhouse gases
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Answer: (d) greenhouse gases. CO₂, methane and other gases trap outgoing infrared radiation.
Which option correctly answers this General Science check: acceleration due to gravity near Earth is approximately?
1. 9.8 m/s²
2. iron
3. hertz
4. vacuum
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Answer: (a) 9.8 m/s². Exam arithmetic sometimes uses 9.8 or 10 m/s² when stated.
Which option correctly answers this General Science check: site of cellular respiration that generates most ATP in eukaryotic cells?
1. mitochondria
2. heart
3. voltmeter
4. acidic solution
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Answer: (a) mitochondria. Mitochondria host the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
Photosynthesis mainly occurs in the —
1. nucleus
2. ribosomes
3. mitochondria
4. chloroplasts
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Answer: (d) chloroplasts. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll.
The gas released during photosynthesis is —
1. methane
2. carbon dioxide
3. oxygen
4. nitrogen
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Answer: (c) oxygen. Oxygen is released from splitting water.
Raw materials of photosynthesis are —
1. nitrogen and water
2. starch and oxygen
3. oxygen and glucose
4. carbon dioxide and water
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Answer: (d) carbon dioxide and water. 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ in light.
The pigment that absorbs light for photosynthesis is —
1. keratin
2. haemoglobin
3. chlorophyll
4. melanin
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Answer: (c) chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy.