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Human Systems
General Science · Biology & Environment
Useful for: Railway RRB, OSSC RHT — Regular High School Teacher, OSEPA Upper Primary — Science, OSSC Science, OSSSC Govt TGT Science — CBZ, SSB Lecturer (Degree Colleges), SSB TGT CBZ
Overview
Body systems work together: digestion, respiration, circulation, excretion, nervous control and hormones.
Key points
- Digestion: saliva (amylase) in mouth, pepsin in stomach, bile from the liver, most absorption in the small intestine.
- Respiration: gas exchange in the alveoli of the lungs.
- Heart has four chambers; arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins towards it.
- Kidneys filter blood; the nephron is their functional unit.
- Pituitary is the "master gland"; thyroid makes thyroxine (needs iodine); pancreas makes insulin.
Explanation
- The liver is the largest gland.
- Red blood cells carry oxygen using haemoglobin.
- The brain controls voluntary actions; the spinal cord handles reflexes.
- Normal human blood pressure is about 120/80 mm Hg.
Step by step
- Identify the concept or law involved.
- Recall the definition, unit or formula.
- Check units and the direction of the effect before choosing.
Examples
- The master gland → pituitary.
- The functional unit of the kidney → nephron.
- The largest gland → liver.
Traps and advanced points
- Trap: Arteries vs veins direction.
- Trap: Calling the pancreas the master gland.
- Trap: Mixing pepsin and amylase sites.
Quick revision
- Nephron, alveoli, neuron.
- Pituitary master gland.
- Liver largest gland.
Practice MCQs
A catalyst changes the rate of a reaction while being what overall?
- Always a gas
- Not consumed permanently in the reaction
- Always converted into the main product
- Always radioactive
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Answer: (b) Not consumed permanently in the reaction. A catalyst changes the rate of a reaction while being what overall? — Not consumed permanently in the reaction.
ALP Basic Science & Engineering: Complete the statement: “Electrical power in a DC circuit can be written as ____.”
- opposite relative motion or tendency of motion
- 1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂
- P = VI
- making the scene electrically safe before touching the victim
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Answer: (c) P = VI. Also P = I²R or V²/R when Ohm’s law applies.
ALP Basic Science & Engineering: Which statement opening is correctly completed by “Personal Protective Equipment”?
- electrical power in a DC circuit can be written as
- PPE stands for
- two resistors in series have equivalent resistance
- for an electrical fire, water is generally
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Answer: (b) PPE stands for. Examples include helmet, gloves, goggles and safety shoes.
ALP Basic Science & Engineering: Which statement opening is correctly completed by “opposite relative motion or tendency of motion”?
- mechanical advantage of a machine is
- velocity differs from speed because velocity includes
- friction generally acts
- a fuse is primarily used to
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Answer: (c) friction generally acts. Friction can be useful for traction and braking.
Digestion of starch begins in the mouth with —
- salivary amylase
- lipase
- trypsin
- pepsin
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Answer: (a) salivary amylase. Saliva contains amylase.
Pepsin acts in the —
- liver
- mouth
- stomach
- small intestine
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Answer: (c) stomach. Pepsin digests proteins in the stomach.
Bile is produced by the —
- liver
- gall bladder
- stomach
- pancreas
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Answer: (a) liver. Stored in the gall bladder.
Most absorption of food happens in the —
- large intestine
- mouth
- stomach
- small intestine
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Answer: (d) small intestine. Villi absorb nutrients.
Gas exchange in the lungs occurs in the —
- bronchi
- alveoli
- trachea
- pharynx
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Answer: (b) alveoli. Alveoli have thin walls.
Arteries carry blood —
- only to the brain
- towards the heart
- away from the heart
- only to lungs
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Answer: (c) away from the heart. Veins carry blood back.
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