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Experimental Design

Scientific Reasoning

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OSSC Odia, OSSC Physical Education Instructor, OSSC Political Science, SSB Lecturer (Degree Colleges)

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सार

शोध अभिकल्प शोध-प्रश्न का उत्तर देने की योजना है — किसका अध्ययन होगा, आँकड़े कैसे एकत्र होंगे और कारणों का अनुमान कैसे लगाया जाएगा।

मुख्य बिंदु

वास्तविक प्रयोग यादृच्छिक आवंटन और नियंत्रण समूह का प्रयोग करते हैं।
अर्ध-प्रयोगों में यादृच्छिक आवंटन नहीं होता।
वर्णनात्मक (सर्वेक्षण) अभिकल्प विशेषताओं का वर्णन करते हैं।
सहसंबंधात्मक अभिकल्प बिना हेरफेर के संबंधों का अध्ययन करते हैं।
व्यक्ति अध्ययन एक इकाई की गहराई से जाँच करता है; नृवंशविज्ञान डूबकर किसी संस्कृति का अध्ययन करता है।
आंतरिक वैधता कारण संबंधी दावों से जुड़ी है; बाह्य वैधता सामान्यीकरण से।

व्याख्या

पूर्व-परीक्षण/पश्च-परीक्षण अभिकल्प परिवर्तन मापते हैं।
आंतरिक वैधता के ख़तरे: इतिहास, परिपक्वता, परीक्षण, चयन।
अनुदैर्ध्य और अनुप्रस्थ अभिकल्प समय के आधार पर भिन्न हैं।
अभिकल्प प्रश्न और संसाधनों के अनुकूल होना चाहिए।
नैतिक सीमाएँ बच्चों के साथ कुछ अभिकल्पों को सीमित करती हैं।

चरण-दर-चरण

पूछी गई अवधारणा, विधि या नीति पहचानें।
परिभाषा, विचारक, वर्ष या नियम याद करें।
उसे स्थिति पर लागू करें और अतिवादी विकल्प हटाएँ।

उदाहरण

यादृच्छिक रूप से बँटी दो कक्षाएँ, एक को नई विधि → वास्तविक प्रयोग।
यादृच्छिक आवंटन के बिना दो मौजूदा कक्षाओं की तुलना → अर्ध-प्रयोग।
एक गाँव के विद्यालय का एक वर्ष तक गहन अध्ययन → व्यक्ति अध्ययन।

ग़लतियों से बचें और उन्नत बिंदु

सामान्य भूल: सहसंबंध को कारण-संबंधी अभिकल्प कहना।
सामान्य भूल: नियंत्रण समूहों की अनदेखी।
सामान्य भूल: आंतरिक और बाह्य वैधता को मिला देना।

त्वरित पुनरावृत्ति

यादृच्छिक आवंटन + नियंत्रण = प्रयोग।
आंतरिक बनाम बाह्य वैधता।
व्यक्ति अध्ययन, नृवंशविज्ञान।

अभ्यास MCQ

During a research-methods workshop on Research Design, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. which statement about Research Design is NOT appropriate?
1. A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.
2. Select design and data that can actually answer the research question.
3. Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.
4. Research Design should be interpreted according to its purpose and context.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (c) Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.. The NOT-appropriate statement is: Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.
Which statement about Research Design is NOT appropriate?
1. A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.
2. Select design and data that can actually answer the research question.
3. Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.
4. Research Design should be interpreted according to its purpose and context.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (c) Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.. The NOT-appropriate statement is: Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.
Choose the most defensible exam-ready conclusion about Research Design.
1. Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.
2. Research Design is useful only for record keeping and has no effect on learning.
3. Research Design should be applied identically in every situation without checking learner needs.
4. A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (d) A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.. Choose the most defensible exam-ready conclusion about Research Design.: A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.
During data-collection planning on Research Design, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. A teacher wants to apply Research Design correctly. Which action is most appropriate?
1. Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.
2. Select design and data that can actually answer the research question.
3. Research Design is useful only for record keeping and has no effect on learning.
4. Research Design should be applied identically in every situation without checking learner needs.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (b) Select design and data that can actually answer the research question.. A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.
अनुदैर्ध्य (longitudinal) अध्ययन —
1. एक समय पर विभिन्न समूहों की तुलना
2. एक ही व्यक्तियों का लंबे समय तक अनुसरण
3. केवल दस्तावेज़ों का उपयोग
4. एक दिन का
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (b) एक ही व्यक्तियों का लंबे समय तक अनुसरण. अनुप्रस्थ अध्ययन एक समय पर समूहों की तुलना करते हैं।
While planning a small research study on Research Design, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. Choose the most defensible exam-ready conclusion about Research Design.
1. Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.
2. Research Design is useful only for record keeping and has no effect on learning.
3. Research Design should be applied identically in every situation without checking learner needs.
4. A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (d) A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.. A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.
एक ही समय पर 6, 8 और 10 वर्ष के बच्चों की तुलना करने वाला अध्ययन है —
1. अनुदैर्ध्य
2. अनुप्रस्थ
3. ऐतिहासिक
4. वैयक्तिक अध्ययन
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (b) अनुप्रस्थ. एक समय पर विभिन्न आयु-समूह।
While planning a small research study on Research Design, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. which statement about Research Design is NOT appropriate?
1. A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.
2. Select design and data that can actually answer the research question.
3. Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.
4. Research Design should be interpreted according to its purpose and context.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (c) Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.. The NOT-appropriate statement is: Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.
A teacher wants to apply Research Design correctly. Which action is most appropriate?
1. Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.
2. Select design and data that can actually answer the research question.
3. Research Design is useful only for record keeping and has no effect on learning.
4. Research Design should be applied identically in every situation without checking learner needs.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (b) Select design and data that can actually answer the research question.. A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.
While planning a small research study on Research Design, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. A teacher wants to apply Research Design correctly. Which action is most appropriate?
1. Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.
2. Select design and data that can actually answer the research question.
3. Research Design is useful only for record keeping and has no effect on learning.
4. Research Design should be applied identically in every situation without checking learner needs.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (b) Select design and data that can actually answer the research question.. A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.
During a research-methods workshop on Research Design, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. A teacher wants to apply Research Design correctly. Which action is most appropriate?
1. Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.
2. Select design and data that can actually answer the research question.
3. Research Design is useful only for record keeping and has no effect on learning.
4. Research Design should be applied identically in every situation without checking learner needs.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (b) Select design and data that can actually answer the research question.. A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.
During a research-methods workshop on Research Design, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. Choose the most defensible exam-ready conclusion about Research Design.
1. Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.
2. Research Design is useful only for record keeping and has no effect on learning.
3. Research Design should be applied identically in every situation without checking learner needs.
4. A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (d) A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.. A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.
While reviewing a study proposal on Research Design, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. A teacher wants to apply Research Design correctly. Which action is most appropriate?
1. Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.
2. Select design and data that can actually answer the research question.
3. Research Design is useful only for record keeping and has no effect on learning.
4. Research Design should be applied identically in every situation without checking learner needs.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (b) Select design and data that can actually answer the research question.. A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.
While reviewing a study proposal on Research Design, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. which statement about Research Design is NOT appropriate?
1. A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.
2. Select design and data that can actually answer the research question.
3. Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.
4. Research Design should be interpreted according to its purpose and context.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (c) Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.. The NOT-appropriate statement is: Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.
While reviewing a study proposal on Research Design, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. Choose the most defensible exam-ready conclusion about Research Design.
1. Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.
2. Research Design is useful only for record keeping and has no effect on learning.
3. Research Design should be applied identically in every situation without checking learner needs.
4. A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (d) A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.. A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.

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