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Experimental Design

Scientific Reasoning

Useful for: CSIR NET, OSSC Art Education Instructor, OSSC Economics, OSSC English, OSSC Foundation Course, OSSC Geography, OSSC History, OSSC Mathematics

and 4 more exams

OSSC Odia, OSSC Physical Education Instructor, OSSC Political Science, SSB Lecturer (Degree Colleges)

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Overview

Research design is the plan for answering the research question — deciding who is studied, how data are collected and how causes can be inferred.

Key points

True experiments use random assignment and a control group.
Quasi-experiments lack random assignment.
Descriptive (survey) designs describe characteristics.
Correlational designs study relationships without manipulation.
Case studies examine one unit in depth; ethnography studies a culture through immersion.
Internal validity concerns causal claims; external validity concerns generalisation.

Explanation

Pre-test/post-test designs measure change.
Threats to internal validity: history, maturation, testing, selection.
Longitudinal vs cross-sectional designs differ in time.
Design must fit the question and resources.
Ethical constraints limit some designs with children.

Step by step

Identify the concept, method or policy asked.
Recall the definition, thinker, year or rule.
Apply it to the situation and eliminate extreme options.

Examples

Two randomly assigned classes, one gets a new method → true experiment.
Comparing two existing classes without random assignment → quasi-experiment.
Studying one village school in depth for a year → case study.

Traps and advanced points

Trap: Calling correlation a causal design.
Trap: Ignoring control groups.
Trap: Mixing internal and external validity.

Quick revision

Random assignment + control = experiment.
Internal vs external validity.
Case study, ethnography.

Practice MCQs

During a research-methods workshop on Research Design, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. which statement about Research Design is NOT appropriate?
1. A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.
2. Select design and data that can actually answer the research question.
3. Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.
4. Research Design should be interpreted according to its purpose and context.
Read chapter notes · Similar questions
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Answer: (c) Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.. The NOT-appropriate statement is: Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.
Which statement about Research Design is NOT appropriate?
1. A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.
2. Select design and data that can actually answer the research question.
3. Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.
4. Research Design should be interpreted according to its purpose and context.
Read chapter notes · Similar questions
Show answer
Answer: (c) Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.. The NOT-appropriate statement is: Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.
Choose the most defensible exam-ready conclusion about Research Design.
1. Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.
2. Research Design is useful only for record keeping and has no effect on learning.
3. Research Design should be applied identically in every situation without checking learner needs.
4. A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.
Read chapter notes · Similar questions
Show answer
Answer: (d) A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.. Choose the most defensible exam-ready conclusion about Research Design.: A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.
During data-collection planning on Research Design, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. A teacher wants to apply Research Design correctly. Which action is most appropriate?
1. Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.
2. Select design and data that can actually answer the research question.
3. Research Design is useful only for record keeping and has no effect on learning.
4. Research Design should be applied identically in every situation without checking learner needs.
Read chapter notes · Similar questions
Show answer
Answer: (b) Select design and data that can actually answer the research question.. A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.
A longitudinal study —
1. compares different groups at one time
2. follows the same subjects over a long period
3. uses only documents
4. lasts one day
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Answer: (b) follows the same subjects over a long period. Cross-sectional studies compare groups at one point in time.
While planning a small research study on Research Design, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. Choose the most defensible exam-ready conclusion about Research Design.
1. Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.
2. Research Design is useful only for record keeping and has no effect on learning.
3. Research Design should be applied identically in every situation without checking learner needs.
4. A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.
Read chapter notes · Similar questions
Show answer
Answer: (d) A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.. A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.
A study comparing children of ages 6, 8 and 10 at the same time is —
1. longitudinal
2. cross-sectional
3. historical
4. case study
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Answer: (b) cross-sectional. Different age groups at one point in time.
While planning a small research study on Research Design, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. which statement about Research Design is NOT appropriate?
1. A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.
2. Select design and data that can actually answer the research question.
3. Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.
4. Research Design should be interpreted according to its purpose and context.
Read chapter notes · Similar questions
Show answer
Answer: (c) Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.. The NOT-appropriate statement is: Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.
A teacher wants to apply Research Design correctly. Which action is most appropriate?
1. Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.
2. Select design and data that can actually answer the research question.
3. Research Design is useful only for record keeping and has no effect on learning.
4. Research Design should be applied identically in every situation without checking learner needs.
Read chapter notes · Similar questions
Show answer
Answer: (b) Select design and data that can actually answer the research question.. A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.
While planning a small research study on Research Design, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. A teacher wants to apply Research Design correctly. Which action is most appropriate?
1. Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.
2. Select design and data that can actually answer the research question.
3. Research Design is useful only for record keeping and has no effect on learning.
4. Research Design should be applied identically in every situation without checking learner needs.
Read chapter notes · Similar questions
Show answer
Answer: (b) Select design and data that can actually answer the research question.. A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.
During a research-methods workshop on Research Design, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. A teacher wants to apply Research Design correctly. Which action is most appropriate?
1. Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.
2. Select design and data that can actually answer the research question.
3. Research Design is useful only for record keeping and has no effect on learning.
4. Research Design should be applied identically in every situation without checking learner needs.
Read chapter notes · Similar questions
Show answer
Answer: (b) Select design and data that can actually answer the research question.. A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.
During a research-methods workshop on Research Design, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. Choose the most defensible exam-ready conclusion about Research Design.
1. Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.
2. Research Design is useful only for record keeping and has no effect on learning.
3. Research Design should be applied identically in every situation without checking learner needs.
4. A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.
Read chapter notes · Similar questions
Show answer
Answer: (d) A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.. A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.
While reviewing a study proposal on Research Design, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. A teacher wants to apply Research Design correctly. Which action is most appropriate?
1. Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.
2. Select design and data that can actually answer the research question.
3. Research Design is useful only for record keeping and has no effect on learning.
4. Research Design should be applied identically in every situation without checking learner needs.
Read chapter notes · Similar questions
Show answer
Answer: (b) Select design and data that can actually answer the research question.. A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.
While reviewing a study proposal on Research Design, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. which statement about Research Design is NOT appropriate?
1. A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.
2. Select design and data that can actually answer the research question.
3. Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.
4. Research Design should be interpreted according to its purpose and context.
Read chapter notes · Similar questions
Show answer
Answer: (c) Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.. The NOT-appropriate statement is: Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.
While reviewing a study proposal on Research Design, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. Choose the most defensible exam-ready conclusion about Research Design.
1. Choosing a statistical test first automatically creates a good research question.
2. Research Design is useful only for record keeping and has no effect on learning.
3. Research Design should be applied identically in every situation without checking learner needs.
4. A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.
Read chapter notes · Similar questions
Show answer
Answer: (d) A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.. A research design links the question, evidence, sampling/measurement and analysis plan.