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Biotechnology
Science & Technology
Useful for: UPSC Civil Services
Overview
Biotechnology uses living systems and molecular tools for agriculture, health and industry; GM crops are regulated cautiously in India.
Key points
- Recombinant DNA technology joins DNA from different sources using restriction enzymes and ligases.
- PCR amplifies small amounts of DNA.
- Bt cotton (2002) is the only GM crop approved for commercial cultivation in India.
- The Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) under MoEFCC approves GM organisms for release.
- Bt brinjal was placed under a moratorium in 2010; GM mustard (DMH-11) received conditional environmental release approval in 2022.
- DNA fingerprinting is used in forensics and paternity cases.
Practice MCQs
From the perspective of definition and scope, which one of the following statements about Biotechnology is correct?
- Biotechnology has no exceptions or limitations in exam analysis.
- Recombinant DNA methods allow genetic material to be combined and expressed in host systems.
- Genome editing guarantees that no unintended genetic change can occur.
- Biotechnology is unrelated to institutions, processes or real-world applications.
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Answer: (b) Recombinant DNA methods allow genetic material to be combined and expressed in host systems.. Recombinant DNA methods allow genetic material to be combined and expressed in host systems.
Consider the following statements on Biotechnology and Cell & Genetics, focusing on definition and scope: 1. Genome editing guarantees that no unintended genetic change can occur. 2. Every cell in a multicellular organism expresses every gene at the same level at all times. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
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Answer: (d) Neither 1 nor 2. Neither statement is correct; both are common misconceptions.
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