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Immunity & Vaccines

Science & Technology

Useful for: UPSC Civil Services

हिंदी में पढ़ें

Overview

The immune system defends the body through innate and adaptive responses; vaccines train adaptive immunity safely.

Key points

  • Antibodies are produced by B lymphocytes; T cells help or kill infected cells.
  • Active immunity is produced by the body (infection or vaccine); passive immunity is received ready-made (maternal antibodies, antiserum).
  • Vaccine types: live attenuated (BCG, MMR, oral polio), inactivated (IPV), subunit/recombinant (hepatitis B), toxoid (tetanus), mRNA and viral-vector (e.g. COVID-19 vaccines).
  • Herd immunity protects those who cannot be vaccinated when enough people are immune.
  • India’s Universal Immunisation Programme began in 1985; Mission Indradhanush in 2014.
  • Antimicrobial resistance threatens the effectiveness of antibiotics.

Practice MCQs

  1. From the perspective of definition and scope, which one of the following statements about Immunity & Vaccines is correct?

    1. Innate immunity provides rapid non-specific defence, while adaptive immunity develops antigen-specific responses and memory.
    2. Antibiotics directly create long-term immune memory against viruses in the same way as vaccines.
    3. Immunity & Vaccines is unrelated to institutions, processes or real-world applications.
    4. Immunity & Vaccines has no exceptions or limitations in exam analysis.

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    Show answer

    Answer: (a) Innate immunity provides rapid non-specific defence, while adaptive immunity develops antigen-specific responses and memory.. Innate immunity provides rapid non-specific defence, while adaptive immunity develops antigen-specific responses and memory.

  2. Consider the following statements on Immunity & Vaccines, focusing on definition and scope: 1. Innate immunity provides rapid non-specific defence, while adaptive immunity develops antigen-specific responses and memory. 2. Vaccine platforms can include live-attenuated, inactivated, protein, vector and nucleic-acid approaches. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2

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    Show answer

    Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2. Both statements are correct.

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