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होम › परीक्षा नोट्स › SSC CGL › सिलोज़िज़्म

सिलोज़िज़्म

रीजनिंग

इन परीक्षाओं के लिए उपयोगी: SSC CGL, Railway RRB, IBPS Banking, KVS, NVS, OTET, BPSC TRE, UGC NET

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EMRS, Assistant Teacher Recruitment (Super TET), OSSC RHT — Regular High School Teacher, BPSC Head Teacher / Headmaster, CSIR NET, Central Univ./IIT/NIT Faculty, Junior Teacher, OPSC Assistant Professor, OPSC PGT, OSEPA Primary Teacher / JT Category-I, OSEPA Upper Primary — Arts, OSEPA Upper Primary — Science, OSSSC Govt Physical Education Teacher (PET), OSSSC Govt TGT Arts, OSSSC Govt TGT Science — CBZ, OSSSC Govt TGT Science — PCM, Rajasthan PTI / Librarian, Sainik Schools, Special OTET, SSB Lecturer / PGT, UP LT Grade / GIC Lecturer

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सार

न्याय-निगमन (syllogism) में देखा जाता है कि दिए गए कथनों से कौन-से निष्कर्ष अवश्य निकलते हैं, कथनों को सत्य मानकर, भले वे अवास्तविक हों।

मुख्य बिंदु

  • सभी A, B हैं + सभी B, C हैं → सभी A, C हैं।
  • सभी A, B हैं + कोई B, C नहीं है → कोई A, C नहीं है।
  • कुछ A, B हैं + सभी B, C हैं → कुछ A, C हैं।
  • कुछ A, B हैं + कोई B, C नहीं है → कुछ A, C नहीं हैं।
  • दो "कुछ" वाले कथनों से अंतिम पदों के बीच कोई निश्चित निष्कर्ष नहीं निकलता।

व्याख्या

  • "कुछ A, B हैं" से "कुछ B, A हैं" निकलता है (परिवर्तन)।
  • "सभी A, B हैं" से "कुछ A, B हैं" और "कुछ B, A हैं" निकलते हैं, पर "सभी B, A हैं" नहीं।
  • निष्कर्ष तभी निकलता है जब वह हर संभव आरेख में सत्य हो।
  • पूरक युग्म: यदि न "कुछ A, C हैं" और न "कोई A, C नहीं है" निश्चित रूप से निकले, तो "या तो–या" निकलता है।

चरण-दर-चरण

  1. हर कथन के लिए वेन आरेख बनाएँ।
  2. जो हमेशा सत्य हो वह खोजें।
  3. केवल निश्चित निष्कर्ष स्वीकार करें।

उदाहरण

  • सभी कलम पुस्तकें हैं; कुछ पुस्तकें थैले हैं। "कुछ कलम थैले हैं" नहीं निकलता (ओवरलैप में कलम न भी हों)।
  • सभी A, B हैं; कोई B, C नहीं है → "कोई A, C नहीं है" निकलता है।
  • कुछ A, B हैं; कोई B, C नहीं है → "कुछ A, C नहीं हैं" निकलता है।

ग़लतियों से बचें और उन्नत बिंदु

  • सामान्य भूल: कथनों के बजाय वास्तविक दुनिया के ज्ञान का प्रयोग।
  • सामान्य भूल: "सभी A, B हैं" का अर्थ "सभी B, A हैं" मान लेना।
  • सामान्य भूल: केवल संभव निष्कर्ष को निश्चित मान लेना।

त्वरित पुनरावृत्ति

  • सभी + सभी = सभी; सभी + कोई नहीं = कोई नहीं।
  • कुछ + सभी = कुछ; कुछ + कोई नहीं = कुछ नहीं।
  • कुछ + कुछ = कोई निष्कर्ष नहीं।

अभ्यास MCQ

  1. यदि “pilots” और “volunteers” के सेट आंशिक रूप से overlap हों तो कौन-सा कथन सही है?

    1. No pilots can be volunteers
    2. All volunteers are pilots
    3. All pilots are volunteers
    4. Some pilots may be volunteers

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (d) Some pilots may be volunteers. Partial overlap means intersection exists but neither set fully contains the other.

  2. यदि “teachers” और “voters” के सेट आंशिक रूप से overlap हों तो कौन-सा कथन सही है?

    1. Some teachers may be voters
    2. All teachers are voters
    3. No teachers can be voters
    4. All voters are teachers

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (a) Some teachers may be voters. Partial overlap means intersection exists but neither set fully contains the other.

  3. All analysts are learners. Some analysts are award-winning. Which conclusion definitely follows?

    1. All award-winning people are analysts
    2. Some award-winning people are learners
    3. No analysts is award-winning
    4. All learners are analysts

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (b) Some award-winning people are learners. If some A are award-winning and all A are B, then some award-winning are B.

  4. All artists are professionals. Some artists are experienced. Which conclusion definitely follows?

    1. All professionals are artists
    2. Some experienced people are professionals
    3. No artists are experienced
    4. All experienced people are artists

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (b) Some experienced people are professionals. If some A are experienced and all A are B, then some experienced are B.

  5. All bankers are graduates. Some bankers are trained. Which conclusion definitely follows?

    1. All graduates are bankers
    2. No bankers are trained
    3. All trained people are bankers
    4. Some trained people are graduates

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (d) Some trained people are graduates. If some A are trained and all A are B, then some trained are B.

  6. All architects are workers. Some architects are award-winning. Which conclusion definitely follows?

    1. No architects is award-winning
    2. All workers are architects
    3. Some award-winning people are workers
    4. All award-winning people are architects

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c) Some award-winning people are workers. If some A are award-winning and all A are B, then some award-winning are B.

  7. All drivers are team members. Some drivers are trained. Which conclusion definitely follows?

    1. Some trained people are team members
    2. All trained people are drivers
    3. All team members are drivers
    4. No drivers are trained

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (a) Some trained people are team members. If some A are trained and all A are B, then some trained are B.

  8. All doctors are creative people. Some doctors are young. Which conclusion definitely follows?

    1. No doctors are young
    2. All young people are doctors
    3. Some young people are creative people
    4. All creative people are doctors

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c) Some young people are creative people. If some A are young and all A are B, then some young are B.

  9. All architects are workers. Some architects are urban. Which conclusion definitely follows?

    1. All workers are architects
    2. All urban people are architects
    3. No architects are urban
    4. Some urban people are workers

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (d) Some urban people are workers. If some A are urban and all A are B, then some urban are B.

  10. All writers are workers. Some writers are urban. Which conclusion definitely follows?

    1. All urban people are writers
    2. All workers are writers
    3. Some urban people are workers
    4. No writers are urban

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c) Some urban people are workers. If some A are urban and all A are B, then some urban are B.

  11. All lawyers are trained people. Some lawyers are urban. Which conclusion definitely follows?

    1. All trained people are lawyers
    2. All urban people are lawyers
    3. Some urban people are trained people
    4. No lawyers are urban

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c) Some urban people are trained people. If some A are urban and all A are B, then some urban are B.

  12. All athletes are volunteers. Some athletes are experienced. Which conclusion definitely follows?

    1. All volunteers are athletes
    2. No athletes are experienced
    3. Some experienced people are volunteers
    4. All experienced people are athletes

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c) Some experienced people are volunteers. If some A are experienced and all A are B, then some experienced are B.

  13. All students are readers. Some students are young. Which conclusion definitely follows?

    1. No students are young
    2. Some young people are readers
    3. All readers are students
    4. All young people are students

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (b) Some young people are readers. If some A are young and all A are B, then some young are B.

  14. All engineers are learners. Some engineers are young. Which conclusion definitely follows?

    1. No engineers are young
    2. All learners are engineers
    3. All young people are engineers
    4. Some young people are learners

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (d) Some young people are learners. If some A are young and all A are B, then some young are B.

  15. All drivers are team members. Some drivers are urban. Which conclusion definitely follows?

    1. No drivers are urban
    2. Some urban people are team members
    3. All team members are drivers
    4. All urban people are drivers

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (b) Some urban people are team members. If some A are urban and all A are B, then some urban are B.

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