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वाच्य एवं प्रत्यक्ष–अप्रत्यक्ष कथन

अंग्रेज़ी बोध

इन परीक्षाओं के लिए उपयोगी: SSC CGL

सार

वाच्य ध्यान को कर्ता से हटाकर कर्म पर ले जाता है; कथन (narration) किसी के शब्दों को काल, सर्वनाम और समयसूचक शब्दों में बदलाव के साथ बताता है।

मुख्य बिंदु

कर्मवाच्य का रूप: कर्म + "be" का उपयुक्त रूप + भूतकालिक कृदंत + (by + कर्ता)।
Continuous कर्मवाच्य में "being" आता है: "is being built"; perfect कर्मवाच्य में "been": "has been eaten"।
आज्ञार्थक: "Open the door" → "Let the door be opened."
कथन में काल पीछे हटता है: present → past, past → past perfect, will → would, can → could।
समयसूचक शब्द: now → then, today → that day, tomorrow → the next day, yesterday → the previous day।

व्याख्या

सार्वभौमिक सत्य अप्रत्यक्ष कथन में वर्तमान काल में ही रहते हैं।
प्रश्न: हाँ/नहीं वाले → "if/whether"; wh-प्रश्नों में wh-शब्द रहता है; क्रम कथन जैसा होता है।
अनुरोध और आदेश: "told/requested/ordered + कर्म + to + क्रिया"; नकारात्मक में "not to"।
अकर्मक क्रियाओं (sleep, arrive) का कर्मवाच्य नहीं होता।

चरण-दर-चरण

काल और प्रकार पहचानें।
रूपांतरण के नियम लगाएँ।
अर्थ और काल जाँचें।

उदाहरण

"They are building a new school." → "A new school is being built by them." (continuous कर्मवाच्य)
He said, "I am tired." → He said that he was tired. (काल एक कदम पीछे)
She said to him, "Don’t be late." → She told him not to be late. (नकारात्मक आदेश)

ग़लतियों से बचें और उन्नत बिंदु

सामान्य भूल: continuous कर्मवाच्य में "being" भूल जाना।
सामान्य भूल: सार्वभौमिक सत्यों का काल बदल देना।
सामान्य भूल: अप्रत्यक्ष प्रश्नों में प्रश्नवाचक क्रम रखना।

त्वरित पुनरावृत्ति

कर्मवाच्य के लिए be + V3।
काल में एक कदम पीछे।
नकारात्मक आदेश में told + not to।

अभ्यास MCQ

Before the Jaipur interview, Pooja said, “I am available.” Choose the correct indirect form.
1. Pooja said that she is available yesterday.
2. Pooja said that she was available.
3. Pooja said that I am available.
4. Pooja told that she was available.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (b) Pooja said that she was available.. “I” changes to match Pooja, and “am” normally backshifts to “was”: Pooja said that she was available.
Before the Jaipur interview, Ishaan said, “I am ready.” Choose the correct indirect form.
1. Ishaan said that he was ready.
2. Ishaan said that I am ready.
3. Ishaan said that he is ready yesterday.
4. Ishaan told that he was ready.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (a) Ishaan said that he was ready.. “I” changes to match Ishaan, and “am” normally backshifts to “was”: Ishaan said that he was ready.
Before the Kochi interview, Asha said, “I am tired.” Choose the correct indirect form.
1. Asha told that she was tired.
2. Asha said that she is tired yesterday.
3. Asha said that I am tired.
4. Asha said that she was tired.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (d) Asha said that she was tired.. “I” changes to match Asha, and “am” normally backshifts to “was”: Asha said that she was tired.
Before the Kochi interview, Ravi said, “I am confident.” Choose the correct indirect form.
1. Ravi said that he is confident yesterday.
2. Ravi said that he was confident.
3. Ravi told that he was confident.
4. Ravi said that I am confident.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (b) Ravi said that he was confident.. “I” changes to match Ravi, and “am” normally backshifts to “was”: Ravi said that he was confident.
Before the Kochi interview, Meera said, “I am busy.” Choose the correct indirect form.
1. Meera said that she was busy.
2. Meera told that she was busy.
3. Meera said that she is busy yesterday.
4. Meera said that I am busy.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (a) Meera said that she was busy.. “I” changes to match Meera, and “am” normally backshifts to “was”: Meera said that she was busy.
Before the Kochi interview, Kabir said, “I am careful.” Choose the correct indirect form.
1. Kabir said that he is careful yesterday.
2. Kabir told that he was careful.
3. Kabir said that I am careful.
4. Kabir said that he was careful.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (d) Kabir said that he was careful.. “I” changes to match Kabir, and “am” normally backshifts to “was”: Kabir said that he was careful.
Before the Kochi interview, Nisha said, “I am optimistic.” Choose the correct indirect form.
1. Nisha said that I am optimistic.
2. Nisha said that she was optimistic.
3. Nisha told that she was optimistic.
4. Nisha said that she is optimistic yesterday.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (b) Nisha said that she was optimistic.. “I” changes to match Nisha, and “am” normally backshifts to “was”: Nisha said that she was optimistic.
Before the Kochi interview, Arjun said, “I am prepared.” Choose the correct indirect form.
1. Arjun said that he is prepared yesterday.
2. Arjun said that I am prepared.
3. Arjun told that he was prepared.
4. Arjun said that he was prepared.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (d) Arjun said that he was prepared.. “I” changes to match Arjun, and “am” normally backshifts to “was”: Arjun said that he was prepared.
Before the Kochi interview, Tara said, “I am calm.” Choose the correct indirect form.
1. Tara told that she was calm.
2. Tara said that she was calm.
3. Tara said that she is calm yesterday.
4. Tara said that I am calm.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (b) Tara said that she was calm.. “I” changes to match Tara, and “am” normally backshifts to “was”: Tara said that she was calm.
Before the Kochi interview, Dev said, “I am late.” Choose the correct indirect form.
1. Dev told that he was late.
2. Dev said that he was late.
3. Dev said that he is late yesterday.
4. Dev said that I am late.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (b) Dev said that he was late.. “I” changes to match Dev, and “am” normally backshifts to “was”: Dev said that he was late.

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