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Kinesiology

Physical Education

Useful for: OSSC RHT — Regular High School Teacher, OSSC Physical Education Instructor, OSSSC Govt Physical Education Teacher (PET), SSB PET

Overview

Kinesiology and biomechanics apply anatomy and physics to human movement to improve performance and prevent injury.

Key points

First-class lever: fulcrum in the middle (nodding the head).
Second-class lever: load in the middle (standing on the toes).
Third-class lever: effort in the middle (biceps curl) — the most common in the body.
Newton’s laws explain starts, follow-through and reaction forces.
A lower centre of gravity and wider base increase stability.
In ideal conditions a 45° release angle gives maximum projectile range.

Explanation

Friction affects grip and running.
Angular momentum is conserved in spins and dives.
Video analysis helps correct technique.
Correct technique reduces injury risk.
Muscles act in pairs (agonist and antagonist).

Step by step

Identify the concept, rule or fact asked.
Recall the definition, formula, example or year.
Apply it and eliminate mismatched options.

Examples

A biceps curl → third-class lever.
A wrestler crouching low → stability from lower centre of gravity.
A diver tucking to spin faster → conservation of angular momentum.

Traps and advanced points

Trap: Mixing lever classes.
Trap: Assuming 45° is always best in real sport.
Trap: Ignoring friction.

Quick revision

Three lever classes.
Centre of gravity and base.
Projectiles and momentum.

Practice MCQs

Lowering the centre of gravity improves —
1. speed
2. stability
3. flexibility
4. endurance
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Answer: (b) stability. A wrestler crouches to stay stable.
Rising on the toes (heel raise) is an example of a —
1. first-class lever
2. second-class lever
3. third-class lever
4. pulley
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Answer: (b) second-class lever. Load (body weight) lies between the fulcrum (toes) and effort (calf).
A sprinter pushing back on the starting blocks and moving forward illustrates —
1. Newton’s first law
2. Newton’s second law
3. Newton’s third law
4. law of gravitation
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Answer: (c) Newton’s third law. Action and reaction are equal and opposite.
A lever with the fulcrum between effort and load (e.g. nodding the head) is a —
1. first-class lever
2. second-class lever
3. third-class lever
4. not a lever
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Answer: (a) first-class lever. Second class: load in the middle; third class: effort in the middle.
Nodding the head is an example of a —
1. third-class lever
2. pulley
3. first-class lever
4. second-class lever
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Answer: (c) first-class lever. Fulcrum in the middle.
Standing on the toes is a —
1. second-class lever
2. third-class lever
3. wheel
4. first-class lever
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Answer: (a) second-class lever. Load in the middle.
A biceps curl is a —
1. pulley
2. first-class lever
3. second-class lever
4. third-class lever
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Answer: (d) third-class lever. Effort in the middle.
The most common lever in the human body is the —
1. first-class
2. second-class
3. third-class
4. none
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Answer: (c) third-class. Third-class.
Stability increases with —
1. standing on one foot
2. a lower centre of gravity and wider base
3. a higher centre of gravity
4. a narrow base
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Answer: (b) a lower centre of gravity and wider base. Stability principles.
Ideal release angle for maximum range (no air resistance) is —
1. 60°
2. 90°
3. 30°
4. 45°
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Answer: (d) 45°. 45°.

Kinesiology

Overview

Key points

Explanation

Step by step

Examples

Traps and advanced points

Quick revision

Practice MCQs

More topics in this chapter