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Hypothesis and Variables

Research Skills

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Overview

Variables are measurable characteristics; hypotheses are testable predictions about relationships between variables.

Key points

The independent variable is manipulated or presumed cause; the dependent variable is the measured outcome.
Extraneous variables may affect results and must be controlled.
Intervening variables explain the link; moderator variables change its strength.
The null hypothesis (H₀) states no difference or relationship; the alternative (H₁) states one exists.
Directional hypotheses predict the direction; non-directional ones do not.
A good hypothesis is testable and clearly stated.

Explanation

Hypotheses are tested, not proved.
Rejecting H₀ supports H₁.
Operational definitions make variables measurable.
Qualitative studies may use guiding questions instead of hypotheses.
Confounding variables threaten conclusions.

Step by step

Identify the concept, method or policy asked.
Recall the definition, thinker, year or rule.
Apply it to the situation and eliminate extreme options.

Examples

"Teaching method affects scores": method = independent, scores = dependent.
H₀: "There is no difference in reading scores between the two methods."
"Girls will score higher than boys" → directional hypothesis.

Traps and advanced points

Trap: Reversing independent and dependent.
Trap: Saying hypotheses are proved.
Trap: Ignoring extraneous variables.

Quick revision

IV → DV.
H₀ vs H₁.
Directional vs non-directional.

Practice MCQs

A tentative statement that a study sets out to test is called a —
1. theory
2. hypothesis
3. fact
4. law
Read chapter notes · Similar questions
Show answer
Answer: (b) hypothesis. A hypothesis is a testable tentative answer.
A teacher wants to apply Hypothesis correctly. Which action is most appropriate?
1. A hypothesis is proven true forever by one study.
2. Hypothesis is useful only for record keeping and has no effect on learning.
3. Hypothesis should be applied identically in every situation without checking learner needs.
4. State measurable variables and analyse evidence without overstating certainty.
Read chapter notes · Similar questions
Show answer
Answer: (d) State measurable variables and analyse evidence without overstating certainty.. A hypothesis is a testable proposition about variables or relationships; not every study requires the same hypothesis form.
Which statement about Hypothesis is NOT appropriate?
1. A hypothesis is proven true forever by one study.
2. A hypothesis is a testable proposition about variables or relationships; not every study requires the same hypothesis form.
3. State measurable variables and analyse evidence without overstating certainty.
4. Hypothesis should be interpreted according to its purpose and context.
Read chapter notes · Similar questions
Show answer
Answer: (a) A hypothesis is proven true forever by one study.. The NOT-appropriate statement is: A hypothesis is proven true forever by one study.
During data-collection planning on Hypothesis, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. which statement about Hypothesis is NOT appropriate?
1. A hypothesis is proven true forever by one study.
2. A hypothesis is a testable proposition about variables or relationships; not every study requires the same hypothesis form.
3. State measurable variables and analyse evidence without overstating certainty.
4. Hypothesis should be interpreted according to its purpose and context.
Read chapter notes · Similar questions
Show answer
Answer: (a) A hypothesis is proven true forever by one study.. The NOT-appropriate statement is: A hypothesis is proven true forever by one study.
Choose the most defensible exam-ready conclusion about Hypothesis.
1. A hypothesis is proven true forever by one study.
2. A hypothesis is a testable proposition about variables or relationships; not every study requires the same hypothesis form.
3. Hypothesis is useful only for record keeping and has no effect on learning.
4. Hypothesis should be applied identically in every situation without checking learner needs.
Read chapter notes · Similar questions
Show answer
Answer: (b) A hypothesis is a testable proposition about variables or relationships; not every study requires the same hypothesis form.. Choose the most defensible exam-ready conclusion about Hypothesis.: A hypothesis is a testable proposition about variables or relationships; not every study requires the same hypothesis form.
While planning a small research study on Hypothesis, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. A teacher wants to apply Hypothesis correctly. Which action is most appropriate?
1. A hypothesis is proven true forever by one study.
2. Hypothesis is useful only for record keeping and has no effect on learning.
3. Hypothesis should be applied identically in every situation without checking learner needs.
4. State measurable variables and analyse evidence without overstating certainty.
Read chapter notes · Similar questions
Show answer
Answer: (d) State measurable variables and analyse evidence without overstating certainty.. A hypothesis is a testable proposition about variables or relationships; not every study requires the same hypothesis form.
While planning a small research study on Hypothesis, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. which statement about Hypothesis is NOT appropriate?
1. A hypothesis is proven true forever by one study.
2. A hypothesis is a testable proposition about variables or relationships; not every study requires the same hypothesis form.
3. State measurable variables and analyse evidence without overstating certainty.
4. Hypothesis should be interpreted according to its purpose and context.
Read chapter notes · Similar questions
Show answer
Answer: (a) A hypothesis is proven true forever by one study.. The NOT-appropriate statement is: A hypothesis is proven true forever by one study.
While planning a small research study on Hypothesis, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. Choose the most defensible exam-ready conclusion about Hypothesis.
1. A hypothesis is proven true forever by one study.
2. A hypothesis is a testable proposition about variables or relationships; not every study requires the same hypothesis form.
3. Hypothesis is useful only for record keeping and has no effect on learning.
4. Hypothesis should be applied identically in every situation without checking learner needs.
Read chapter notes · Similar questions
Show answer
Answer: (b) A hypothesis is a testable proposition about variables or relationships; not every study requires the same hypothesis form.. A hypothesis is a testable proposition about variables or relationships; not every study requires the same hypothesis form.
During a research-methods workshop on Hypothesis, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. A teacher wants to apply Hypothesis correctly. Which action is most appropriate?
1. A hypothesis is proven true forever by one study.
2. Hypothesis is useful only for record keeping and has no effect on learning.
3. Hypothesis should be applied identically in every situation without checking learner needs.
4. State measurable variables and analyse evidence without overstating certainty.
Read chapter notes · Similar questions
Show answer
Answer: (d) State measurable variables and analyse evidence without overstating certainty.. A hypothesis is a testable proposition about variables or relationships; not every study requires the same hypothesis form.
During a research-methods workshop on Hypothesis, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. which statement about Hypothesis is NOT appropriate?
1. A hypothesis is proven true forever by one study.
2. A hypothesis is a testable proposition about variables or relationships; not every study requires the same hypothesis form.
3. State measurable variables and analyse evidence without overstating certainty.
4. Hypothesis should be interpreted according to its purpose and context.
Read chapter notes · Similar questions
Show answer
Answer: (a) A hypothesis is proven true forever by one study.. The NOT-appropriate statement is: A hypothesis is proven true forever by one study.
During a research-methods workshop on Hypothesis, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. Choose the most defensible exam-ready conclusion about Hypothesis.
1. A hypothesis is proven true forever by one study.
2. A hypothesis is a testable proposition about variables or relationships; not every study requires the same hypothesis form.
3. Hypothesis is useful only for record keeping and has no effect on learning.
4. Hypothesis should be applied identically in every situation without checking learner needs.
Read chapter notes · Similar questions
Show answer
Answer: (b) A hypothesis is a testable proposition about variables or relationships; not every study requires the same hypothesis form.. A hypothesis is a testable proposition about variables or relationships; not every study requires the same hypothesis form.
While reviewing a study proposal on Hypothesis, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. A teacher wants to apply Hypothesis correctly. Which action is most appropriate?
1. A hypothesis is proven true forever by one study.
2. Hypothesis is useful only for record keeping and has no effect on learning.
3. Hypothesis should be applied identically in every situation without checking learner needs.
4. State measurable variables and analyse evidence without overstating certainty.
Read chapter notes · Similar questions
Show answer
Answer: (d) State measurable variables and analyse evidence without overstating certainty.. A hypothesis is a testable proposition about variables or relationships; not every study requires the same hypothesis form.
While reviewing a study proposal on Hypothesis, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. which statement about Hypothesis is NOT appropriate?
1. A hypothesis is proven true forever by one study.
2. A hypothesis is a testable proposition about variables or relationships; not every study requires the same hypothesis form.
3. State measurable variables and analyse evidence without overstating certainty.
4. Hypothesis should be interpreted according to its purpose and context.
Read chapter notes · Similar questions
Show answer
Answer: (a) A hypothesis is proven true forever by one study.. The NOT-appropriate statement is: A hypothesis is proven true forever by one study.
While reviewing a study proposal on Hypothesis, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. Choose the most defensible exam-ready conclusion about Hypothesis.
1. A hypothesis is proven true forever by one study.
2. A hypothesis is a testable proposition about variables or relationships; not every study requires the same hypothesis form.
3. Hypothesis is useful only for record keeping and has no effect on learning.
4. Hypothesis should be applied identically in every situation without checking learner needs.
Read chapter notes · Similar questions
Show answer
Answer: (b) A hypothesis is a testable proposition about variables or relationships; not every study requires the same hypothesis form.. A hypothesis is a testable proposition about variables or relationships; not every study requires the same hypothesis form.
During data-collection planning on Hypothesis, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. A teacher wants to apply Hypothesis correctly. Which action is most appropriate?
1. A hypothesis is proven true forever by one study.
2. Hypothesis is useful only for record keeping and has no effect on learning.
3. Hypothesis should be applied identically in every situation without checking learner needs.
4. State measurable variables and analyse evidence without overstating certainty.
Read chapter notes · Similar questions
Show answer
Answer: (d) State measurable variables and analyse evidence without overstating certainty.. A hypothesis is a testable proposition about variables or relationships; not every study requires the same hypothesis form.