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Home › Exam notes › OSSC RHT — Regular High School Teacher › Coaching principles

Coaching principles

Advanced Physical Education

Useful for: OSSC RHT — Regular High School Teacher, OSSC Physical Education Instructor, OSSSC Govt Physical Education Teacher (PET), SSB PET

Overview

Good coaching plans training, teaches skills step by step, gives effective feedback and supports athletes’ wellbeing.

Key points

  • Fitts and Posner (1967) described three stages of skill learning: cognitive, associative and autonomous.
  • Feedback can be knowledge of results (outcome) or knowledge of performance (technique).
  • Practice can be massed or distributed; distributed practice often helps learning.
  • Goals should be specific and achievable.
  • Coaches act as teachers, motivators, planners and role models.
  • Ethical coaching avoids abuse and doping.

Explanation

  • Talent identification uses tests and observation.
  • Over-coaching can confuse beginners.
  • Whole and part methods suit different skills.
  • Mental skills training supports performance.
  • Records help track progress.

Step by step

  1. Identify the concept, rule or fact asked.
  2. Recall the definition, formula, example or year.
  3. Apply it and eliminate mismatched options.

Examples

  • A beginner thinking about every step of a serve → cognitive stage.
  • "Your elbow dropped" → knowledge of performance.
  • "You scored 7 out of 10 shots" → knowledge of results.

Traps and advanced points

  • Trap: Too much feedback at once.
  • Trap: Ignoring athlete welfare.
  • Trap: Mixing feedback types.

Quick revision

  • Fitts & Posner 1967.
  • KR vs KP.
  • Distributed practice.

Practice MCQs

  1. Fitts and Posner described skill learning in —

    1. four stages
    2. five stages
    3. two stages
    4. three stages

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    Answer: (d) three stages. Cognitive, associative, autonomous.

  2. The first stage of skill learning is —

    1. reflexive
    2. autonomous
    3. associative
    4. cognitive

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    Answer: (d) cognitive. Understanding what to do.

  3. Performing a skill automatically is the —

    1. cognitive stage
    2. associative stage
    3. autonomous stage
    4. initial stage

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    Answer: (c) autonomous stage. Autonomous.

  4. Feedback about the outcome (e.g. the shot went in) is —

    1. intrinsic only
    2. none
    3. knowledge of results
    4. knowledge of performance

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    Answer: (c) knowledge of results. KR.

  5. Feedback about technique is —

    1. punishment
    2. knowledge of results
    3. knowledge of performance
    4. reinforcement only

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    Answer: (c) knowledge of performance. KP.

  6. Practice with rest intervals spread out is —

    1. massed practice
    2. distributed practice
    3. random guessing
    4. no practice

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    Answer: (b) distributed practice. Distributed.

  7. Distributed practice often —

    1. harms learning
    2. has no effect
    3. causes injury always
    4. helps learning

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    Answer: (d) helps learning. Better retention.

  8. Ethical coaching avoids —

    1. goal setting
    2. abuse and doping
    3. feedback
    4. planning

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    Answer: (b) abuse and doping. Integrity.

  9. Coaches act as teachers, motivators, planners and —

    1. sponsors
    2. role models
    3. referees only
    4. spectators

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    Answer: (b) role models. Role modelling.

  10. The Fitts–Posner model was published in —

    1. 1987
    2. 1957
    3. 1967
    4. 1977

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    Answer: (c) 1967. 1967.

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