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Sampling

Research Skills

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सार

सांख्यिकीय अनुमान प्रतिदर्श आँकड़ों से समष्टि के मानों का आकलन करता है और ज्ञात त्रुटि-प्रायिकताओं के साथ परिकल्पनाओं का परीक्षण करता है।

मुख्य बिंदु

प्रतिदर्श-चयन: सरल यादृच्छिक, स्तरित, क्रमबद्ध, गुच्छ, बहु-चरणीय।
माध्य की मानक त्रुटि = σ/√n।
माध्य के लिए 95% विश्वास्यता अंतराल (बड़ा प्रतिदर्श) = x̄ ± 1.96 σ/√n।
प्रथम प्रकार की त्रुटि: सत्य शून्य परिकल्पना को अस्वीकार करना (प्रायिकता α); द्वितीय प्रकार: असत्य शून्य परिकल्पना को स्वीकार करना (प्रायिकता β)।
बड़े प्रतिदर्श या ज्ञात σ के लिए z-परीक्षण; अज्ञात σ वाले छोटे प्रतिदर्श के लिए t-परीक्षण; आवृत्तियों और स्वतंत्रता के लिए χ²।

व्याख्या

परीक्षण की शक्ति = 1 − β।
बड़े प्रतिदर्श से मानक त्रुटि छोटी और अंतराल संकरे होते हैं।
एक-प्रतिदर्श t-परीक्षण की स्वातंत्र्य कोटि = n − 1।
p-मान α से कम होने पर शून्य परिकल्पना अस्वीकार की जाती है।

चरण-दर-चरण

पूछा गया माप या परीक्षण और उसका सूत्र पहचानें।
गणना से पहले आँकड़े व्यवस्थित करें (तालिका, योग)।
परिणाम की व्याख्या करें (चिह्न, आकार, सार्थकता)।

उदाहरण

σ = 10, n = 100 → मानक त्रुटि = 1।
x̄ = 50, σ = 10, n = 100 → 95% विश्वास्यता अंतराल = 50 ± 1.96 = 48.04 से 51.96।
प्रथम प्रकार की त्रुटि की प्रायिकता सार्थकता स्तर α के बराबर होती है।

ग़लतियों से बचें और उन्नत बिंदु

सामान्य भूल: σ/√n के स्थान पर σ का प्रयोग।
सामान्य भूल: प्रथम और द्वितीय प्रकार की त्रुटियों को मिला देना।
सामान्य भूल: अज्ञात σ वाले छोटे प्रतिदर्श के लिए z-परीक्षण।

त्वरित पुनरावृत्ति

SE = σ/√n।
x̄ ± 1.96 SE।
α = प्रथम प्रकार की त्रुटि।

अभ्यास MCQ

During a research-methods workshop on Sampling, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. which statement about Sampling is NOT appropriate?
1. A sample should be selected using a method appropriate to the population and inference intended.
2. Match probability/non-probability sampling to the study purpose and claims.
3. Sampling should be interpreted according to its purpose and context.
4. A very large convenience sample is automatically representative.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (d) A very large convenience sample is automatically representative.. The NOT-appropriate statement is: A very large convenience sample is automatically representative.
स्नोबॉल प्रतिचयन किसके अध्ययन के लिए सबसे उपयुक्त है?
1. पूरी सूची वाला विद्यालय
2. छिपे या कठिनाई से पहुँचने वाले समूह
3. राष्ट्रीय जनगणना
4. प्रयोगशाला नमूने
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (b) छिपे या कठिनाई से पहुँचने वाले समूह. हर प्रतिभागी दूसरों का संदर्भ देता है।
शोध में प्रतिदर्श (sample) है —
1. पूरी जनसंख्या
2. अध्ययन हेतु चुना गया जनसंख्या का भाग
3. एक शोध उपकरण
4. अंतिम परिणाम
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (b) अध्ययन हेतु चुना गया जनसंख्या का भाग. प्रतिदर्श जनसंख्या का प्रतिनिधित्व करता है।
Choose the most defensible exam-ready conclusion about Sampling.
1. A sample should be selected using a method appropriate to the population and inference intended.
2. A very large convenience sample is automatically representative.
3. Sampling is useful only for record keeping and has no effect on learning.
4. Sampling should be applied identically in every situation without checking learner needs.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (a) A sample should be selected using a method appropriate to the population and inference intended.. Choose the most defensible exam-ready conclusion about Sampling.: A sample should be selected using a method appropriate to the population and inference intended.
Which statement about Sampling is NOT appropriate?
1. A sample should be selected using a method appropriate to the population and inference intended.
2. Match probability/non-probability sampling to the study purpose and claims.
3. Sampling should be interpreted according to its purpose and context.
4. A very large convenience sample is automatically representative.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (d) A very large convenience sample is automatically representative.. The NOT-appropriate statement is: A very large convenience sample is automatically representative.
While reviewing a study proposal on Sampling, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. which statement about Sampling is NOT appropriate?
1. A sample should be selected using a method appropriate to the population and inference intended.
2. Match probability/non-probability sampling to the study purpose and claims.
3. Sampling should be interpreted according to its purpose and context.
4. A very large convenience sample is automatically representative.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (d) A very large convenience sample is automatically representative.. The NOT-appropriate statement is: A very large convenience sample is automatically representative.
जनसंख्या को उपसमूहों में बाँटकर हर उपसमूह से यादृच्छिक प्रतिदर्श लिया जाता है। यह है —
1. स्तरीकृत प्रतिचयन
2. स्नोबॉल प्रतिचयन
3. सुविधा प्रतिचयन
4. उद्देश्यपूर्ण प्रतिचयन
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (a) स्तरीकृत प्रतिचयन. स्तर सुनिश्चित करते हैं कि हर उपसमूह का प्रतिनिधित्व हो।
A teacher wants to apply Sampling correctly. Which action is most appropriate?
1. A very large convenience sample is automatically representative.
2. Sampling is useful only for record keeping and has no effect on learning.
3. Match probability/non-probability sampling to the study purpose and claims.
4. Sampling should be applied identically in every situation without checking learner needs.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (c) Match probability/non-probability sampling to the study purpose and claims.. A sample should be selected using a method appropriate to the population and inference intended.
यादृच्छिक शुरुआत के बाद शोधकर्ता सूची से हर 10वाँ नाम चुनता है। यह है —
1. सरल यादृच्छिक प्रतिचयन
2. व्यवस्थित प्रतिचयन
3. गुच्छ प्रतिचयन
4. कोटा प्रतिचयन
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (b) व्यवस्थित प्रतिचयन. यादृच्छिक शुरुआत के बाद निश्चित अंतराल = व्यवस्थित प्रतिचयन।
While planning a small research study on Sampling, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. which statement about Sampling is NOT appropriate?
1. A sample should be selected using a method appropriate to the population and inference intended.
2. Match probability/non-probability sampling to the study purpose and claims.
3. Sampling should be interpreted according to its purpose and context.
4. A very large convenience sample is automatically representative.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (d) A very large convenience sample is automatically representative.. The NOT-appropriate statement is: A very large convenience sample is automatically representative.
While planning a small research study on Sampling, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. A teacher wants to apply Sampling correctly. Which action is most appropriate?
1. A very large convenience sample is automatically representative.
2. Sampling is useful only for record keeping and has no effect on learning.
3. Match probability/non-probability sampling to the study purpose and claims.
4. Sampling should be applied identically in every situation without checking learner needs.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (c) Match probability/non-probability sampling to the study purpose and claims.. A sample should be selected using a method appropriate to the population and inference intended.
While planning a small research study on Sampling, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. Choose the most defensible exam-ready conclusion about Sampling.
1. A sample should be selected using a method appropriate to the population and inference intended.
2. A very large convenience sample is automatically representative.
3. Sampling is useful only for record keeping and has no effect on learning.
4. Sampling should be applied identically in every situation without checking learner needs.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (a) A sample should be selected using a method appropriate to the population and inference intended.. A sample should be selected using a method appropriate to the population and inference intended.
During a research-methods workshop on Sampling, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. A teacher wants to apply Sampling correctly. Which action is most appropriate?
1. A very large convenience sample is automatically representative.
2. Sampling is useful only for record keeping and has no effect on learning.
3. Match probability/non-probability sampling to the study purpose and claims.
4. Sampling should be applied identically in every situation without checking learner needs.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (c) Match probability/non-probability sampling to the study purpose and claims.. A sample should be selected using a method appropriate to the population and inference intended.
During a research-methods workshop on Sampling, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. Choose the most defensible exam-ready conclusion about Sampling.
1. A sample should be selected using a method appropriate to the population and inference intended.
2. A very large convenience sample is automatically representative.
3. Sampling is useful only for record keeping and has no effect on learning.
4. Sampling should be applied identically in every situation without checking learner needs.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (a) A sample should be selected using a method appropriate to the population and inference intended.. A sample should be selected using a method appropriate to the population and inference intended.
While reviewing a study proposal on Sampling, the team checks the design before collecting evidence. A teacher wants to apply Sampling correctly. Which action is most appropriate?
1. A very large convenience sample is automatically representative.
2. Sampling is useful only for record keeping and has no effect on learning.
3. Match probability/non-probability sampling to the study purpose and claims.
4. Sampling should be applied identically in every situation without checking learner needs.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (c) Match probability/non-probability sampling to the study purpose and claims.. A sample should be selected using a method appropriate to the population and inference intended.

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