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Properties of matter

Physics

Useful for: OSSC RHT — Regular High School Teacher, OSEPA Upper Primary — Science, OSSC Science, OSSSC Govt TGT Science — PCM, SSB Lecturer (Degree Colleges), SSB TGT PCM

Overview

Properties of matter describe how solids deform, how liquids behave at surfaces and in flow, and how pressure acts in fluids.

Key points

Hooke’s law: within the elastic limit, stress is proportional to strain.
Young’s modulus = stress ÷ strain.
Surface tension makes drops spherical and allows insects to walk on water; detergents reduce it.
Capillarity makes water rise in thin tubes.
Viscosity is internal friction in fluids; honey is more viscous than water.
Bernoulli’s principle: faster-moving fluid has lower pressure (aircraft lift).

Explanation

Pascal’s law underlies hydraulic lifts and brakes.
Archimedes’ principle explains floating.
Viscosity of liquids decreases with temperature.
Steel is more elastic than rubber (higher Young’s modulus).
Terminal velocity occurs when drag balances weight.

Step by step

Identify the concept, law or fact asked.
Recall the definition, formula, example or year.
Apply it and eliminate mismatched options.

Examples

Water rising in a blotting paper → capillarity.
A roof blown off in a storm → Bernoulli effect (low pressure above).
Soap helps clothes get wet → reduced surface tension.

Traps and advanced points

Trap: Calling rubber more elastic than steel.
Trap: Mixing viscosity and density.
Trap: Reversing Bernoulli’s relation.

Quick revision

Hooke’s law.
Surface tension, capillarity, viscosity.
Pascal, Archimedes, Bernoulli.

Practice MCQs

Within the elastic limit, stress is proportional to strain. This is —
1. Hooke’s law
2. Pascal’s law
3. Bernoulli’s principle
4. Boyle’s law
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Answer: (a) Hooke’s law. Hooke’s law.
Young’s modulus is —
1. strain ÷ stress
2. force × area
3. mass ÷ volume
4. stress ÷ strain
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Answer: (d) stress ÷ strain. Measure of stiffness.
Insects walking on water are supported by —
1. friction
2. viscosity
3. surface tension
4. buoyancy only
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Answer: (c) surface tension. Surface tension.
Water rising in a thin tube shows —
1. osmosis
2. capillarity
3. viscosity
4. diffusion
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Answer: (b) capillarity. Capillary action.
Honey flows slowly because of high —
1. viscosity
2. surface tension
3. elasticity
4. density only
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Answer: (a) viscosity. Viscosity.
Aircraft lift is explained by —
1. Bernoulli’s principle
2. Hooke’s law
3. Ohm’s law
4. Charles’s law
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Answer: (a) Bernoulli’s principle. Faster air, lower pressure.
Hydraulic brakes work on —
1. Newton’s first law
2. Pascal’s law
3. Archimedes’ principle
4. Hooke’s law
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Answer: (b) Pascal’s law. Pressure transmitted equally.
Floating of a ship is explained by —
1. Ohm’s law
2. Archimedes’ principle
3. Bernoulli’s principle
4. Kepler’s law
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Answer: (b) Archimedes’ principle. Buoyancy.
Detergents help cleaning by —
1. reducing surface tension
2. increasing viscosity
3. freezing water
4. increasing surface tension
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Answer: (a) reducing surface tension. Water spreads better.
Steel is more elastic than rubber because steel has —
1. more viscosity
2. lower Young’s modulus
3. higher Young’s modulus
4. no elasticity
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Answer: (c) higher Young’s modulus. Greater resistance to deformation.

Properties of matter

Overview

Key points

Explanation

Step by step

Examples

Traps and advanced points

Quick revision

Practice MCQs

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