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Policy and comparative education

Teacher Education / Education Studies

Useful for: OSSC Economics, OSSC English, OSSC Foundation Course, OSSC Geography, OSSC History, OSSC Mathematics, OSSC Odia, OSSC Political Science

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OSSC Science, SSB Lecturer (Degree Colleges)

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Overview

Indian education policy evolved through major commissions and policies; comparative education studies other systems to learn from them.

Key points

The Kothari Commission (1964–66) recommended a common school system and spending 6% of GDP on education.
The first National Policy on Education was in 1968; the second in 1986, revised through the Programme of Action 1992.
Operation Blackboard (1987) improved primary school facilities; DPEP (1994) targeted districts.
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (2001) and RMSA (2009) were merged into Samagra Shiksha (2018).
NEP 2020 is the current policy.
India took part in PISA in 2009 (Himachal Pradesh and Tamil Nadu).

Explanation

Comparative education examines systems such as Finland’s teacher-led approach.
International assessments (PISA, TIMSS) compare learning outcomes.
Policy transfer must consider context.
Common school system remains debated.
Policy implementation depends on states.

Step by step

Identify the concept, method or policy asked.
Recall the definition, thinker, year or rule.
Apply it to the situation and eliminate extreme options.

Examples

The 10+2+3 structure was recommended by → the Kothari Commission.
SSA and RMSA were merged in → Samagra Shiksha (2018).
India’s first PISA participation was in → 2009.

Traps and advanced points

Trap: Wrong NPE years.
Trap: Mixing SSA and RMSA levels.
Trap: Uncritical copying of foreign models.

Quick revision

Kothari 1964–66.
NPE 1968, 1986; POA 1992.
SSA 2001; RMSA 2009; Samagra 2018.

Practice MCQs

The Kothari Commission worked during —
1. 1964–66
2. 1986
3. 1948–49
4. 1952–53
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Answer: (a) 1964–66. Education Commission 1964–66.
The first National Policy on Education was in —
1. 1976
2. 1986
3. 1992
4. 1968
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Answer: (d) 1968. NPE 1968.
The Programme of Action revising NPE 1986 came in —
1. 2000
2. 1990
3. 1992
4. 1995
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Answer: (c) 1992. POA 1992.
Operation Blackboard (1987) aimed to —
1. start universities
2. fund colleges
3. build hostels
4. improve primary school facilities
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Answer: (d) improve primary school facilities. Minimum facilities in primary schools.
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan began in —
1. 1994
2. 2001
3. 2009
4. 2018
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Answer: (b) 2001. SSA 2001.
SSA and RMSA were merged into —
1. NIPUN Bharat
2. Samagra Shiksha (2018)
3. NEP 2020
4. DPEP
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Answer: (b) Samagra Shiksha (2018). Samagra Shiksha integrated them.
India first took part in PISA in —
1. 2022
2. 2000
3. 2009
4. 2015
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Answer: (c) 2009. Himachal Pradesh and Tamil Nadu in 2009.
The Kothari Commission recommended public spending on education of —
1. 4% of GDP
2. 6% of GDP
3. 10% of GDP
4. 2% of GDP
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Answer: (b) 6% of GDP. 6% of GDP.
Comparative education mainly —
1. ignores context
2. only ranks countries
3. studies other education systems to learn from them
4. copies foreign systems blindly
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Answer: (c) studies other education systems to learn from them. Learning must consider context.
DPEP (1994) targeted —
1. only cities
2. universities
3. private schools
4. districts with low female literacy and poor indicators
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Answer: (d) districts with low female literacy and poor indicators. District Primary Education Programme.