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Nervous and endocrine control
Life Science / Biology
Useful for: OSEPA Upper Primary — Science, OSSC Science, OSSSC Govt TGT Science — CBZ, SSB Lecturer (Degree Colleges), SSB TGT CBZ
Overview
The nervous system gives fast electrical control and the endocrine system gives slower chemical control through hormones.
Key points
- The neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system.
- Reflex actions are controlled by the spinal cord through a reflex arc.
- Cerebrum controls thinking and voluntary actions; cerebellum controls balance; medulla controls involuntary actions such as breathing.
- The pituitary is called the master gland.
- Thyroid secretes thyroxine (needs iodine); pancreas secretes insulin; adrenal secretes adrenaline.
- Hormone levels are regulated by feedback mechanisms.
Explanation
- Adrenaline prepares the body for "fight or flight".
- Growth hormone deficiency causes dwarfism.
- Plants use hormones such as auxins, gibberellins and abscisic acid.
- Synapses pass signals chemically.
- Diabetes results from insulin problems.
Step by step
- Identify the concept, law or fact asked.
- Recall the definition, formula, example or year.
- Apply it and eliminate mismatched options.
Examples
- Pulling the hand away from a hot object → reflex action via the spinal cord.
- Losing balance after injury to the back of the brain → cerebellum.
- Goitre from iodine deficiency → thyroid.
Traps and advanced points
- Trap: Saying the brain controls all reflexes.
- Trap: Mixing cerebrum and cerebellum.
- Trap: Wrong gland–hormone pairs.
Quick revision
- Neuron; reflex arc.
- Cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla.
- Pituitary master; thyroid, pancreas, adrenal.
Practice MCQs
The structural and functional unit of the nervous system is the —
- alveolus
- villus
- nephron
- neuron
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Answer: (d) neuron. Neuron.
Reflex actions are controlled by the —
- spinal cord
- cerebellum
- medulla only
- cerebrum
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Answer: (a) spinal cord. Reflex arc.
Balance and posture are controlled by the —
- cerebellum
- medulla
- hypothalamus
- cerebrum
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Answer: (a) cerebellum. Cerebellum.
Involuntary actions such as breathing are controlled by the —
- cerebellum
- spinal cord only
- medulla
- cerebrum
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Answer: (c) medulla. Medulla oblongata.
Thinking and voluntary actions are controlled by the —
- medulla
- spinal cord
- pancreas
- cerebrum
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Answer: (d) cerebrum. Cerebrum.
The "master gland" is the —
- pituitary
- adrenal
- pineal
- thyroid
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Answer: (a) pituitary. Pituitary.
Adrenaline is secreted by the —
- pituitary
- thyroid
- adrenal gland
- pancreas
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Answer: (c) adrenal gland. Fight or flight.
Insulin deficiency causes —
- rickets
- goitre
- diabetes
- dwarfism
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Answer: (c) diabetes. Diabetes mellitus.
Pulling the hand away from a hot object is —
- a reflex action
- a voluntary action
- a hormonal action
- learning
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Answer: (a) a reflex action. Spinal reflex.
Hormone levels are regulated mainly by —
- exercise only
- chance
- feedback mechanisms
- diet only
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Answer: (c) feedback mechanisms. Negative feedback.
More topics in this chapter
Notes and questions are written by Kundali IQ for practice. They are not official papers; always check the latest official notification for the syllabus and pattern.