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Freedom movement
History
Useful for: UPSC Civil Services, OSSC RHT — Regular High School Teacher, OSEPA Upper Primary — Arts, OSSC History, OSSSC Govt TGT Arts, SSB Lecturer (Degree Colleges), SSB TGT Arts
Overview
The national movement moved from moderate petitions to mass movements under Gandhi, alongside constitutional reforms that expanded Indian participation.
Key points
- Morley–Minto Reforms (1909) introduced separate electorates for Muslims.
- Home Rule Leagues (1916) were led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant.
- Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms (1919) introduced dyarchy in the provinces.
- Government of India Act, 1935 introduced provincial autonomy and proposed an all-India federation.
- Purna Swaraj resolution at Lahore (1929); Civil Disobedience (1930); Quit India (1942).
- Mountbatten Plan (3 June 1947) provided for partition and independence.
Explanation
- The Surat split (1907) divided Moderates and Extremists.
- The Nehru Report (1928) proposed dominion status.
- Round Table Conferences (1930–32); Gandhi attended only the second.
- Cabinet Mission (1946) proposed a federal union and a Constituent Assembly.
- The INA under Subhas Chandra Bose fought alongside Japan.
Step by step
- Identify the concept, law or fact asked.
- Recall the definition, formula, example or year.
- Apply it and eliminate mismatched options.
Examples
- Statement: "Dyarchy was introduced by the Government of India Act, 1935." → Incorrect (1919 at provincial level).
- Statement: "Gandhi attended all three Round Table Conferences." → Incorrect (only the second).
- Statement: "Separate electorates were introduced by the Morley–Minto Reforms." → Correct.
Traps and advanced points
- Trap: Mixing 1919 and 1935 provisions.
- Trap: Gandhi at all RTCs.
- Trap: Wrong leaders of Home Rule Leagues.
Quick revision
- 1909 separate electorates; 1919 dyarchy; 1935 provincial autonomy.
- Home Rule: Tilak, Besant.
- 3 June 1947 plan.
Practice MCQs
From the perspective of definition and scope, which one of the following statements about National Movement is correct?
- National Movement is unrelated to institutions, processes or real-world applications.
- National Movement has no exceptions or limitations in exam analysis.
- The national movement evolved through constitutional agitation, mass movements, revolutionary activity and ideological debates.
- The freedom struggle followed one unchanging strategy from the founding of the Indian National Congress to 1947.
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Answer: (c) The national movement evolved through constitutional agitation, mass movements, revolutionary activity and ideological debates.. The national movement evolved through constitutional agitation, mass movements, revolutionary activity and ideological debates.
Consider the following statements on National Movement, focusing on definition and scope: 1. The national movement evolved through constitutional agitation, mass movements, revolutionary activity and ideological debates. 2. The freedom struggle followed one unchanging strategy from the founding of the Indian National Congress to 1947. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
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Answer: (a) 1 only. Statement 1 is correct; Statement 2 is a common misconception.
With reference to National Movement (definition and scope), consider the following statements: 1. The freedom struggle followed one unchanging strategy from the founding of the Indian National Congress to 1947. 2. Gandhian mass politics connected national demands with localized grievances while emphasizing non-violent mobilisation. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
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Answer: (b) 2 only. Only statement 2 is correct.
With reference to National Movement (institutional design), consider the following statements: 1. Gandhian mass politics connected national demands with localized grievances while emphasizing non-violent mobilisation. 2. The freedom struggle followed one unchanging strategy from the founding of the Indian National Congress to 1947. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
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Answer: (a) 1 only. Only statement 1 is correct.
From the perspective of practical application, which one of the following statements about National Movement is correct?
- Mughal administration combined imperial institutions with negotiated relationships with regional elites.
- Pastoral elements were prominent in the early Vedic economy, while agriculture became more important over time.
- Dhamma cannot be reduced simply to one sectarian doctrine; inscriptions stress ethical and social conduct.
- Provincial politics, peasant movements, labour, women and marginalized groups require independent attention beyond elite narratives.
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Answer: (d) Provincial politics, peasant movements, labour, women and marginalized groups require independent attention beyond elite narratives.. Provincial politics, peasant movements, labour, women and marginalized groups require independent attention beyond elite narratives.
With reference to National Movement (working mechanism), consider the following statements: 1. The freedom struggle followed one unchanging strategy from the founding of the Indian National Congress to 1947. 2. Gandhian mass politics connected national demands with localized grievances while emphasizing non-violent mobilisation. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
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Answer: (b) 2 only. Only statement 2 is correct.
From the perspective of institutional design, which one of the following statements about National Movement is correct?
- Gandhian mass politics connected national demands with localized grievances while emphasizing non-violent mobilisation.
- Colonial land-revenue systems varied across regions and shaped agrarian relations differently.
- Buddhist architecture includes stupas, chaityas and viharas with important regional variations.
- The label “golden age” is useful only with qualification because benefits and experiences varied by region and social group.
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Answer: (a) Gandhian mass politics connected national demands with localized grievances while emphasizing non-violent mobilisation.. Gandhian mass politics connected national demands with localized grievances while emphasizing non-violent mobilisation.
Consider the following statements on National Movement, focusing on practical application: 1. Provincial politics, peasant movements, labour, women and marginalized groups require independent attention beyond elite narratives. 2. The movement included debates on social reform, communal representation, federalism, economic policy and methods of struggle. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
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Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2. Both statements are correct.
Consider the following statements on National Movement, focusing on institutional design: 1. The freedom struggle followed one unchanging strategy from the founding of the Indian National Congress to 1947. 2. Gandhian mass politics connected national demands with localized grievances while emphasizing non-violent mobilisation. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
Read chapter notes · Similar questions
Show answer
Answer: (b) 2 only. Statement 2 is correct; Statement 1 is a common misconception.
With reference to National Movement (practical application), consider the following statements: 1. The freedom struggle followed one unchanging strategy from the founding of the Indian National Congress to 1947. 2. Provincial politics, peasant movements, labour, women and marginalized groups require independent attention beyond elite narratives. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
Read chapter notes · Similar questions
Show answer
Answer: (b) 2 only. Only statement 2 is correct.
More topics in this chapter
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