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Carbon compounds
Chemistry
Useful for: OSSC RHT — Regular High School Teacher, OSEPA Upper Primary — Science, OSSC Science, OSSSC Govt TGT Science — CBZ, OSSSC Govt TGT Science — PCM, SSB Lecturer (Degree Colleges), SSB TGT CBZ, SSB TGT PCM
Overview
Carbon forms millions of compounds because of tetravalency and catenation; organic chemistry organises them by homologous series and functional groups.
Key points
- Carbon is tetravalent and shows catenation (bonding with itself).
- Alkanes CₙH₂ₙ₊₂ (single bonds), alkenes CₙH₂ₙ (double), alkynes CₙH₂ₙ₋₂ (triple).
- Functional groups: alcohol (–OH), carboxylic acid (–COOH), aldehyde (–CHO), ketone (C=O).
- Members of a homologous series differ by –CH₂–.
- Ethanol and ethanoic acid are common compounds; vinegar is a dilute solution of ethanoic acid.
- Allotropes of carbon: diamond, graphite, fullerene.
Explanation
- Saturated compounds burn with a clean flame; unsaturated ones with a sooty flame.
- Soaps form micelles that remove grease.
- Esterification forms sweet-smelling esters.
- Graphite conducts electricity; diamond does not.
- Hydrogenation converts oils to fats.
Step by step
- Identify the concept, method or fact asked.
- Recall the definition, thinker, year or rule.
- Apply it and eliminate extreme or mismatched options.
Examples
- C₂H₄ belongs to → alkenes.
- The functional group in ethanol → –OH.
- Methane, ethane, propane differ by → CH₂.
Traps and advanced points
- Trap: Wrong general formulas.
- Trap: Calling diamond a conductor.
- Trap: Mixing aldehyde and ketone.
Quick revision
- CₙH₂ₙ₊₂, CₙH₂ₙ, CₙH₂ₙ₋₂.
- Functional groups.
- Diamond, graphite, fullerene.
Practice MCQs
The chemical formula of water is —
- H₂O
- CO₂
- NaCl
- O₂
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Answer: (a) H₂O. Two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
The chemical name of common salt is —
- sodium carbonate
- sodium chloride
- calcium carbonate
- potassium chloride
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Answer: (b) sodium chloride. NaCl.
Carbon’s ability to bond with itself is called —
- catenation
- isomerism
- oxidation
- sublimation
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Answer: (a) catenation. Catenation.
The general formula of alkanes is —
- CₙH₂ₙ
- CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
- CₙH₂ₙ₋₂
- CₙHₙ
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Answer: (b) CₙH₂ₙ₊₂. Single-bonded hydrocarbons.
C₂H₄ belongs to the —
- alcohols
- alkanes
- alkenes
- alkynes
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Answer: (c) alkenes. One double bond.
The functional group of alcohols is —
- –OH
- –CHO
- C=O
- –COOH
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Answer: (a) –OH. Hydroxyl group.
The functional group of carboxylic acids is —
- –OH
- –COOH
- –CHO
- –NH₂
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Answer: (b) –COOH. Carboxyl group.
Members of a homologous series differ by —
- –O–
- –H₂O
- –CH₂–
- –OH
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Answer: (c) –CH₂–. One CH₂ unit.
Vinegar is a dilute solution of —
- ethanoic acid
- methanol
- formic acid
- ethanol
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Answer: (a) ethanoic acid. Acetic (ethanoic) acid.
Which allotrope of carbon conducts electricity?
- both
- neither
- diamond
- graphite
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Answer: (d) graphite. Graphite has free electrons.
More topics in this chapter
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