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होम › परीक्षा नोट्स › UPSC Civil Services › बैंकिंग एवं मुद्रा

बैंकिंग एवं मुद्रा

Economics

इन परीक्षाओं के लिए उपयोगी: UPSC Civil Services, OSSC RHT — Regular High School Teacher, OSSC Economics, OSSSC Govt TGT Arts, SSB Lecturer (Degree Colleges), SSB TGT Arts

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सार

मुद्रा आपूर्ति मौद्रिक समुच्चयों से मापी जाती है; बैंक ऋण का सृजन करते हैं, और सुधारों ने भारत की बैंकिंग संरचना को आकार दिया।

मुख्य बिंदु

  • M0 (आरक्षित मुद्रा) = प्रचलन में मुद्रा + RBI के पास बैंकों की जमा + RBI के पास अन्य जमा।
  • M1 = जनता के पास मुद्रा + माँग जमा + RBI के पास अन्य जमा।
  • M3 (व्यापक मुद्रा) = M1 + बैंकों की सावधि जमा।
  • मुद्रा गुणक = व्यापक मुद्रा ÷ आरक्षित मुद्रा।
  • 1969 में 14 बैंकों और 1980 में 6 और बैंकों का राष्ट्रीयकरण हुआ।
  • नरसिंहम समितियों (1991, 1998) ने वित्तीय क्षेत्र में सुधारों की सिफ़ारिश की।

व्याख्या

  • ऊँचा CRR मुद्रा गुणक घटाता है।
  • बेसल III मानदंड बैंकों की पूँजी और तरलता को सशक्त बनाते हैं।
  • NBFC का नियमन RBI करता है, पर वे माँग जमा स्वीकार नहीं कर सकतीं।
  • भुगतान बैंक और लघु वित्त बैंक पहुँच बढ़ाते हैं।
  • DICGC द्वारा जमा बीमा प्रति जमाकर्ता प्रति बैंक ₹5 लाख तक कवर करता है।

चरण-दर-चरण

  1. अवधारणा पहचानें (परिभाषा, माप, संस्था या साधन)।
  2. सटीक परिभाषा या सूत्र और सही प्राधिकरण लागू करें।
  3. चुनने से पहले प्रभाव की दिशा (वृद्धि/कमी, अंतर्वाह/बहिर्वाह) जाँचें।

उदाहरण

  • कथन: "M3 में सावधि जमा शामिल हैं।" → सही।
  • कथन: "1980 में 14 बैंकों का राष्ट्रीयकरण हुआ।" → गलत (1969; 1980 में छह और)।
  • कथन: "ऊँचा CRR मुद्रा गुणक बढ़ाता है।" → गलत।

ग़लतियों से बचें और उन्नत बिंदु

  • सामान्य भूल: M1 और M3 को मिला देना।
  • सामान्य भूल: राष्ट्रीयकरण के गलत वर्ष।
  • सामान्य भूल: CRR के प्रभाव की गलत दिशा।

त्वरित पुनरावृत्ति

  • M3 = M1 + सावधि जमा।
  • 1969 (14), 1980 (6)।
  • नरसिंहम 1991, 1998।

अभ्यास MCQ

  1. From the perspective of definition and scope, which one of the following statements about Banking & Money is correct?

    1. Banks can create unlimited credit without capital, liquidity, regulation or borrower demand constraints.
    2. Banking & Money is unrelated to institutions, processes or real-world applications.
    3. Banking & Money has no exceptions or limitations in exam analysis.
    4. Commercial banks create deposits through lending within regulatory, capital, liquidity and demand constraints.

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (d) Commercial banks create deposits through lending within regulatory, capital, liquidity and demand constraints.. Commercial banks create deposits through lending within regulatory, capital, liquidity and demand constraints.

  2. Consider the following statements on Banking & Money, focusing on definition and scope: 1. Commercial banks create deposits through lending within regulatory, capital, liquidity and demand constraints. 2. Banks can create unlimited credit without capital, liquidity, regulation or borrower demand constraints. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (a) 1 only. Statement 1 is correct; Statement 2 is a common misconception.

  3. With reference to Banking & Money (definition and scope), consider the following statements: 1. Financial inclusion includes access, usage, affordability and quality, not merely account opening. 2. Commercial banks create deposits through lending within regulatory, capital, liquidity and demand constraints. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c) Both 1 and 2. Both statements are correct.

  4. From the perspective of practical application, which one of the following statements about Banking & Money is correct?

    1. Financial inclusion includes access, usage, affordability and quality, not merely account opening.
    2. Per-capita income is an average and does not itself reveal distribution.
    3. Revenue and capital classifications describe different economic/accounting characteristics of receipts and expenditure.
    4. Real interest rate is approximately nominal interest rate minus inflation for basic analysis.

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (a) Financial inclusion includes access, usage, affordability and quality, not merely account opening.. Financial inclusion includes access, usage, affordability and quality, not merely account opening.

  5. With reference to Banking & Money (working mechanism), consider the following statements: 1. Commercial banks create deposits through lending within regulatory, capital, liquidity and demand constraints. 2. Money performs medium-of-exchange, unit-of-account and store-of-value functions. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c) Both 1 and 2. Both statements are correct.

  6. With reference to Banking & Money (institutional design), consider the following statements: 1. Commercial banks create deposits through lending within regulatory, capital, liquidity and demand constraints. 2. Financial inclusion includes access, usage, affordability and quality, not merely account opening. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c) Both 1 and 2. Both statements are correct.

  7. Consider the following statements on Banking & Money, focusing on working mechanism: 1. Bank balance-sheet health affects credit transmission. 2. Banks can create unlimited credit without capital, liquidity, regulation or borrower demand constraints. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (a) 1 only. Statement 1 is correct; Statement 2 is a common misconception.

  8. Consider the following statements on Banking & Money and Fiscal Policy & Budget, focusing on institutional design: 1. Banks can create unlimited credit without capital, liquidity, regulation or borrower demand constraints. 2. Every increase in government expenditure has the same growth and distribution effect regardless of its composition. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (d) Neither 1 nor 2. None of the given statements is correct, so the answer is (D) Neither 1 nor 2. Neither statement is correct; both are common misconceptions.

  9. With reference to Banking & Money (definition and scope), consider the following statements: 1. Financial inclusion includes access, usage, affordability and quality, not merely account opening. 2. Money performs medium-of-exchange, unit-of-account and store-of-value functions. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c) Both 1 and 2. Both statements are correct, so the answer is (C) Both 1 and 2. Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is correct.

  10. Consider the following statements on Banking & Money, focusing on practical application: 1. Financial inclusion includes access, usage, affordability and quality, not merely account opening. 2. Commercial banks create deposits through lending within regulatory, capital, liquidity and demand constraints. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c) Both 1 and 2. All the given statements are correct, so the answer is (C) Both 1 and 2. Both statements are correct.

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