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मुद्रास्फीति

Economics

इन परीक्षाओं के लिए उपयोगी: UPSC Civil Services, OSSC RHT — Regular High School Teacher, OSSC Economics, OSSSC Govt TGT Arts, SSB Lecturer (Degree Colleges), SSB TGT Arts

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सार

मुद्रास्फीति सामान्य कीमत स्तर में निरंतर वृद्धि है; भारत CPI मुद्रास्फीति को लक्ष्य बनाता है, जबकि WPI थोक कीमतों पर नज़र रखता है।

मुख्य बिंदु

CPI (संयुक्त) NSO संकलित करता है और इसी का प्रयोग मुद्रास्फीति लक्ष्य के लिए होता है; आधार वर्ष 2012।
WPI आर्थिक सलाहकार कार्यालय, DPIIT संकलित करता है; आधार वर्ष 2011–12; इसमें सेवाएँ शामिल नहीं हैं।
कोर मुद्रास्फीति में अस्थिर खाद्य और ईंधन मदें शामिल नहीं होतीं।
माँगजन्य: अत्यधिक माँग; लागतजन्य: बढ़ती आगत लागत।
अवस्फीति (disinflation) मुद्रास्फीति की घटती पर अब भी धनात्मक दर है; अपस्फीति (deflation) कीमत स्तर में गिरावट है।
मुद्रास्फीतिजनित मंदी (stagflation) में ऊँची मुद्रास्फीति के साथ ठहरी हुई वृद्धि और ऊँची बेरोज़गारी होती है।

व्याख्या

फ़िलिप्स वक्र मुद्रास्फीति और बेरोज़गारी के बीच अल्पकालिक संतुलन सुझाता है।
मुद्रास्फीति स्थिर आय वालों और लेनदारों को नुकसान पहुँचाती है; यह देनदारों की मदद कर सकती है।
आयातित मुद्रास्फीति महँगे आयात या कमज़ोर रुपये से आती है।
आपूर्ति-पक्षीय उपाय (भंडारण, आयात) खाद्य मुद्रास्फीति का समाधान करते हैं।
मुद्रास्फीति की अपेक्षाएँ मज़दूरी और कीमत-निर्धारण को आकार देती हैं।

चरण-दर-चरण

अवधारणा पहचानें (परिभाषा, माप, संस्था या साधन)।
सटीक परिभाषा या सूत्र और सही प्राधिकरण लागू करें।
चुनने से पहले प्रभाव की दिशा (वृद्धि/कमी, अंतर्वाह/बहिर्वाह) जाँचें।

उदाहरण

कथन: "WPI में सेवाएँ शामिल हैं।" → गलत।
कथन: "अवस्फीति का अर्थ है कीमतें गिर रही हैं।" → गलत (वृद्धि की दर घट रही है)।
कथन: "RBI का लक्ष्य CPI के रूप में परिभाषित है।" → सही।

ग़लतियों से बचें और उन्नत बिंदु

सामान्य भूल: अवस्फीति को अपस्फीति कहना।
सामान्य भूल: WPI को NSO का बताना।
सामान्य भूल: यह मानना कि कोर मुद्रास्फीति में खाद्य शामिल है।

त्वरित पुनरावृत्ति

CPI → NSO, लक्ष्य; WPI → DPIIT।
कोर में खाद्य और ईंधन नहीं।
अवस्फीति ≠ अपस्फीति।

अभ्यास MCQ

From the perspective of definition and scope, which one of the following statements about Inflation is correct?
1. A temporary rise in the price of one vegetable necessarily means the economy is experiencing generalized inflation.
2. Inflation is unrelated to institutions, processes or real-world applications.
3. Inflation has no exceptions or limitations in exam analysis.
4. Inflation is a sustained rise in the general price level, not merely a rise in one commodity price.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (d) Inflation is a sustained rise in the general price level, not merely a rise in one commodity price.. Inflation is a sustained rise in the general price level, not merely a rise in one commodity price.
Consider the following statements on Inflation, focusing on definition and scope: 1. Inflation is a sustained rise in the general price level, not merely a rise in one commodity price. 2. Demand, supply shocks, expectations, exchange rates and administered prices can all affect inflation. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (c) Both 1 and 2. Both statements are correct.
With reference to Inflation (definition and scope), consider the following statements: 1. Inflation is a sustained rise in the general price level, not merely a rise in one commodity price. 2. A temporary rise in the price of one vegetable necessarily means the economy is experiencing generalized inflation. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (a) 1 only. Only statement 1 is correct.
From the perspective of institutional design, which one of the following statements about Inflation is correct?
1. Headline and core inflation differ by the basket components included or excluded.
2. Foreign-exchange reserves provide buffers but are not a substitute for sound macroeconomic fundamentals.
3. Buffer stocks can serve food-security and price-stabilization objectives but create carrying costs.
4. Fiscal policy works through taxation, expenditure, transfers and borrowing.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (a) Headline and core inflation differ by the basket components included or excluded.. Headline and core inflation differ by the basket components included or excluded.
Consider the following statements on Inflation, focusing on working mechanism: 1. Demand, supply shocks, expectations, exchange rates and administered prices can all affect inflation. 2. Inflation is a sustained rise in the general price level, not merely a rise in one commodity price. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (c) Both 1 and 2. Both statements are correct.
With reference to Inflation (practical application), consider the following statements: 1. A temporary rise in the price of one vegetable necessarily means the economy is experiencing generalized inflation. 2. Demand, supply shocks, expectations, exchange rates and administered prices can all affect inflation. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (b) 2 only. Only statement 2 is correct.
With reference to Inflation (institutional design), consider the following statements: 1. A temporary rise in the price of one vegetable necessarily means the economy is experiencing generalized inflation. 2. Headline and core inflation differ by the basket components included or excluded. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (b) 2 only. Only statement 2 is correct, so the answer is (B) 2 only. Statement 1 is incorrect — it is an overstated or wrong claim. Correct position: Inflation is a sustained rise in the general price level, not merely a rise in one commodity price. Statement 2 is correct.
Consider the following statements on Inflation, focusing on practical application: 1. A temporary rise in the price of one vegetable necessarily means the economy is experiencing generalized inflation. 2. Real interest rate is approximately nominal interest rate minus inflation for basic analysis. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (b) 2 only. Only statement 2 is correct, so the answer is (B) 2 only. Statement 2 is correct; Statement 1 is a common misconception.
With reference to Inflation (definition and scope), consider the following statements: 1. Headline and core inflation differ by the basket components included or excluded. 2. A temporary rise in the price of one vegetable necessarily means the economy is experiencing generalized inflation. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (a) 1 only. Only statement 1 is correct, so the answer is (A) 1 only. Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect — it is an overstated or wrong claim. Correct position: Inflation is a sustained rise in the general price level, not merely a rise in one commodity price.
With reference to Inflation (working mechanism), consider the following statements: 1. Real interest rate is approximately nominal interest rate minus inflation for basic analysis. 2. A temporary rise in the price of one vegetable necessarily means the economy is experiencing generalized inflation. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (a) 1 only. Only statement 1 is correct, so the answer is (A) 1 only. Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect — it is an overstated or wrong claim. Correct position: Inflation is a sustained rise in the general price level, not merely a rise in one commodity price.

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