Urbanization & Migration

Overview

India is urbanising rapidly and unevenly; migration drives growth but exposes migrants to insecurity and cities to infrastructure stress.

Key points

• Census 2011 recorded 31.1% of the population as urban.
• Census 2011 counted about 45.6 crore internal migrants.
• The Smart Cities Mission and AMRUT were launched in 2015.
• The 74th Amendment gave constitutional status to urban local bodies.
• Migration is driven by push (poverty, distress) and pull (jobs, wages) factors.
• The COVID-19 lockdown in 2020 triggered large-scale reverse migration.

Practice MCQs

1. From the perspective of definition and scope, which one of the following statements about Urbanization & Migration is correct?

   1. Urbanization & Migration has no exceptions or limitations in exam analysis.
   2. Urbanisation links jobs, housing, transport, land use, environment, municipal finance and service delivery.
   3. Migration is only a rural distress phenomenon and never reflects economic opportunity.
   4. Urbanization & Migration is unrelated to institutions, processes or real-world applications.

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   Answer: (b) Urbanisation links jobs, housing, transport, land use, environment, municipal finance and service delivery.. Urbanisation links jobs, housing, transport, land use, environment, municipal finance and service delivery.

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2. Consider the following statements on Urbanization & Migration, focusing on definition and scope: 1. Urbanisation links jobs, housing, transport, land use, environment, municipal finance and service delivery. 2. Migration is only a rural distress phenomenon and never reflects economic opportunity. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

   1. 1 only
   2. 2 only
   3. Both 1 and 2
   4. Neither 1 nor 2

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   Answer: (a) 1 only. Statement 1 is correct; Statement 2 is a common misconception.

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More topics in this chapter

• Globalization & Social Change
• Communalism, Regionalism & Secularism
• Physical Geography & Geomorphology