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Modern India & Freedom Movement

General Awareness · History & Culture

Useful for: SSC CGL, Railway RRB, CTET, OTET, OSSTET, REET, UPTET, BPSC TRE

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Overview

Modern Indian history runs from British expansion to independence; most items test events, years and leaders of the national movement.

Key points

INC was founded in 1885 at Bombay (A. O. Hume); first president W. C. Bonnerjee.
Partition of Bengal (1905, Curzon) led to the Swadeshi movement; it was annulled in 1911.
Gandhi’s Indian campaigns: Champaran (1917), Kheda and Ahmedabad (1918).
Non-Cooperation (1920–22) was withdrawn after Chauri Chaura (1922).
Purna Swaraj resolution: Lahore session, 1929 (president Jawaharlal Nehru).

Explanation

Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh massacre: 1919.
Dandi March (salt satyagraha) began on 12 March 1930; Gandhi–Irwin Pact 1931; Poona Pact 1932.
Quit India: 8 August 1942 ("Do or Die").
Lucknow Pact (1916) brought Congress and the Muslim League together.

Step by step

Identify the exact fact asked (person, year, article, place).
Recall it from a linked group, not in isolation.
Eliminate options from the wrong period or category.

Examples

The Purna Swaraj resolution was passed at → the Lahore session, 1929.
The Partition of Bengal was announced by → Lord Curzon, 1905.
The Non-Cooperation Movement was withdrawn after → Chauri Chaura, 1922.

Traps and advanced points

Trap: Mixing the Lahore (1929) and Karachi (1931) sessions.
Trap: Placing Champaran after Non-Cooperation.
Trap: Confusing the Gandhi–Irwin Pact with the Poona Pact.

Quick revision

1885, 1905, 1919, 1920, 1930, 1942.
Movement ↔ trigger ↔ end.
Session ↔ president ↔ resolution.

Practice MCQs

Exam practice: Sanchi is especially associated with monuments of which religion?
1. Jainism only
2. Zoroastrianism
3. Buddhism
4. Sikhism
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Answer: (c) Buddhism. Sanchi is especially associated with monuments of Buddhism.
Exam practice: The Doctrine of Lapse is most closely associated with whom?
1. Lord Hastings
2. Lord Minto
3. Lord Dalhousie
4. Lord William Bentinck
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Answer: (c) Lord Dalhousie. The Doctrine of Lapse is most closely associated with Lord Dalhousie.
Exam practice: The Khajuraho group of temples is located in which state?
1. Karnataka
2. Madhya Pradesh
3. Rajasthan
4. Odisha
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Answer: (b) Madhya Pradesh. The Khajuraho group of temples is located in Madhya Pradesh.
Exam practice: The Rigveda is primarily a collection of what?
1. Hymns
2. Medical prescriptions only
3. Buddhist sermons
4. Legal codes
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Answer: (a) Hymns. The Rigveda is primarily a collection of Hymns.
Exam practice: Who started the construction of Qutub Minar?
1. Alauddin Khilji
2. Iltutmish
3. Qutb-ud-din Aibak
4. Balban
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Answer: (c) Qutb-ud-din Aibak. Qutb-ud-din Aibak started the construction of Qutub Minar.
The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 by:
1. Surendranath Banerjee
2. Dadabhai Naoroji
3. A. O. Hume
4. W. C. Bonnerjee
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Answer: (c) A. O. Hume. INC 1885 me A.O.
The Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place in which year?
1. 1919
2. 1920
3. 1922
4. 1930
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Answer: (a) 1919. Jallianwala Bagh massacre 13 April 1919 (Amritsar) ko General Dyer ke aadesh par hua.
The 'Purna Swaraj' (complete independence) resolution was passed at which Congress session?
1. Calcutta 1928
2. Lahore 1929
3. Karachi 1931
4. Lucknow 1916
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Answer: (b) Lahore 1929. Purna Swaraj resolution Lahore Session (1929, Nehru president) me pass hua.
The Dandi March (1930) was associated with which movement?
1. Quit India Movement
2. Swadeshi Movement
3. Non-Cooperation Movement
4. Civil Disobedience Movement
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Answer: (d) Civil Disobedience Movement. Dandi March / Salt March (March-April 1930) se Civil Disobedience Movement shuru hua — Gandhi ji ne namak kanoon toda.
Who gave the slogan 'Give me blood, and I shall give you freedom'?
1. Bhagat Singh
2. Subhas Chandra Bose
3. Lala Lajpat Rai
4. Bal Gangadhar Tilak
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Answer: (b) Subhas Chandra Bose. Ye naara Subhas Chandra Bose ne diya (INA/Azad Hind Fauj se juda).
The First War of Independence (Revolt of 1857) began from which place?
1. Meerut
2. Kanpur
3. Jhansi
4. Delhi
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Answer: (a) Meerut. 1857 revolt Meerut se 10 May 1857 ko shuru hua (sipahiyon ne greased cartridges ke against baghawat ki).
The Non-Cooperation Movement was called off by Gandhi after which incident?
1. Simon Commission protest
2. Jallianwala Bagh
3. Chauri Chaura incident
4. Kakori conspiracy
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Answer: (c) Chauri Chaura incident. Chauri Chaura incident (Feb 1922, UP) — bheed ne police station jala diya jisme policemen mare.
Who was the last Viceroy of India?
1. C. Rajagopalachari
2. Lord Wavell
3. Lord Mountbatten
4. Lord Linlithgow
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Answer: (c) Lord Mountbatten. Lord Mountbatten aakhri Viceroy the (independence 1947 unke tenure me).
The Lucknow Pact (1916) was an agreement between:
1. Congress and Muslim League
2. Muslim League and British
3. Congress and Hindu Mahasabha
4. Congress and British
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Answer: (a) Congress and Muslim League. Lucknow Pact (1916) Congress aur Muslim League ke beech hua — dono ne milkar joint demands rakhi.
The 'Doctrine of Lapse' policy was introduced by which Governor-General?
1. Lord Wellesley
2. Lord Cornwallis
3. Lord Dalhousie
4. Lord Canning
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Answer: (c) Lord Dalhousie. Doctrine of Lapse Lord Dalhousie ne lagayi — jisme bina natural heir wale rajya British empire me mila liye jaate.