Manufacturing Industries – Class 10 Social Science notes, important questions and MCQs

Chapter overview

Manufacturing is the production of goods in large quantities by processing raw materials into more valuable products. It is the backbone of economic development because it creates jobs, uses farm output, earns foreign exchange and reduces dependence on agriculture. Industries must grow without polluting the environment.

Importance and classification

• Manufacturing modernises agriculture, reduces unemployment and poverty, removes regional disparities and expands trade.
• By raw material: agro-based (cotton, jute, sugar, edible oil) and mineral-based (iron and steel, cement, aluminium).
• By role: basic or key industries (iron and steel, copper smelting) supply raw material to others; consumer industries make goods for direct use.
• By ownership: public sector (BHEL, SAIL), private sector (TISCO, Bajaj Auto), joint sector and cooperative sector (sugar industry in Maharashtra).

Major industries

• Textiles: the first successful textile mill was set up in Mumbai in 1854; cotton mills are concentrated in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.
• Jute: the first jute mill came up near Kolkata at Rishra in 1859; most mills are along the Hugli river.
• Iron and steel is a basic industry; most plants are in the Chhotanagpur plateau region because of cheap iron ore, coal and labour.
• Aluminium smelting is the second most important metallurgical industry; information technology and electronics are centred in Bengaluru.

Pollution and control

• Industries cause air, water, thermal and noise pollution.
• Control measures: treating effluents in three stages, using electrostatic precipitators and scrubbers, recycling water and harvesting rainwater.
• NTPC is an example of a public sector company that tries to protect the environment while producing power.

Key terms

Manufacturing

production of goods in large quantities after processing raw materials into more valuable products

Basic industries

industries whose products are used as raw material by other industries

Agglomeration economies

advantages that many industries get by locating close to each other in an urban centre

Joint sector

industries run jointly by the state and individuals or a group of individuals

Important questions with answers

Quick revision

• Manufacturing = backbone of development.
• First cotton mill Mumbai 1854; first jute mill Rishra 1859.
• Chhotanagpur plateau = most iron and steel plants.
• Treat effluents, use scrubbers, recycle water.

Exam tips

• For industry classification, give one example for each type.
• Remember why iron and steel plants are in the Chhotanagpur plateau: iron ore, coal, cheap labour, markets.

Practice MCQs

1. Which of these is an agro-based industry

   1. iron and steel
   2. aluminium
   3. cement
   4. cotton textiles
   Show answer

   Answer: (d) cotton textiles. It uses cotton from agriculture.

2. The first successful textile mill in India was set up in

   1. Mumbai
   2. Kolkata
   3. Ahmedabad
   4. Kanpur
   Show answer

   Answer: (a) Mumbai. It came up in 1854.

3. Iron and steel is called a basic industry because

   1. it is small
   2. its products are raw material for other industries
   3. it uses agricultural products
   4. it is run by cooperatives
   Show answer

   Answer: (b) its products are raw material for other industries. Many other industries depend on steel.

4. Most jute mills in India are located along the

   1. Hugli river
   2. Ganga at Kanpur
   3. Narmada
   4. Godavari
   Show answer

   Answer: (a) Hugli river. Cheap water transport, labour and raw jute favour this area.

5. The cooperative sector is best illustrated by the

   1. steel industry
   2. IT industry
   3. sugar industry in Maharashtra
   4. aluminium industry
   Show answer

   Answer: (c) sugar industry in Maharashtra. Sugar factories there are owned by farmers' cooperatives.

6. Bengaluru is known as the hub of the

   1. jute industry
   2. iron and steel industry
   3. information technology industry
   4. cement industry
   Show answer

   Answer: (c) information technology industry. It is often called the electronic capital of India.

7. Which device is used to control particulate air pollution from factories

   1. hydraulic press
   2. turbine
   3. electrostatic precipitator
   4. smelter
   Show answer

   Answer: (c) electrostatic precipitator. It removes dust particles from smoke.

8. Most integrated iron and steel plants are in the Chhotanagpur plateau region mainly because

   1. of coastal ports
   2. of heavy rainfall
   3. of cheap iron ore, coal and labour nearby
   4. of IT infrastructure
   Show answer

   Answer: (c) of cheap iron ore, coal and labour nearby. Raw materials and labour reduce costs.