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स्थानीय शासन

Upper Primary Math/Science/Social

इन परीक्षाओं के लिए उपयोगी: UPSC Civil Services, CTET, OTET, OSSTET, OSSC RHT — Regular High School Teacher, CTSA / STSS, Junior Teacher, OAVS

और 9 परीक्षाएँ

OSEPA Upper Primary — Arts, OSSC Political Science, OSSC Teacher Readiness, OSSSC Govt TGT Arts, Sainik Schools, Special OTET, SSB Lecturer (Degree Colleges), SSB School Teachers, SSB TGT Arts

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सार

73वें और 74वें संशोधन (1992) ने पंचायतों और नगरपालिकाओं को संवैधानिक दर्जा दिया, जिसमें अनिवार्य चुनाव, आरक्षण और वित्त आयोग शामिल हैं।

मुख्य बिंदु

  • बलवंत राय मेहता समिति (1957) ने त्रिस्तरीय पंचायती राज की सिफ़ारिश की।
  • 73वें संशोधन ने भाग IX (अनुच्छेद 243–243O) और 29 विषयों वाली ग्यारहवीं अनुसूची जोड़ी।
  • 74वें संशोधन ने भाग IXA (अनुच्छेद 243P–243ZG) और 18 विषयों वाली बारहवीं अनुसूची जोड़ी।
  • 20 लाख तक की जनसंख्या वाले राज्य मध्यवर्ती स्तर छोड़ सकते हैं।
  • कम से कम एक-तिहाई सीटें महिलाओं के लिए आरक्षित हैं; राज्य निर्वाचन आयोग (अनुच्छेद 243K) चुनाव कराता है; हर पाँच वर्ष में राज्य वित्त आयोग (अनुच्छेद 243I) गठित होता है।
  • PESA (1996) मज़बूत ग्राम सभा अधिकारों के साथ पंचायतों को पाँचवीं अनुसूची के क्षेत्रों तक विस्तारित करता है।

व्याख्या

  • पंचायतों का कार्यकाल पाँच वर्ष है; चुनाव कार्यकाल समाप्ति से पहले या भंग होने के छह महीने के भीतर होने चाहिए।
  • ज़िला योजना समितियाँ (अनुच्छेद 243ZD) पंचायत और नगरपालिका योजनाओं को समेकित करती हैं।
  • कई राज्य राज्य कानून द्वारा महिलाओं के लिए 50% सीटें आरक्षित करते हैं।
  • ग्राम सभा में गाँव के सभी पंजीकृत मतदाता होते हैं।
  • कार्यात्मक हस्तांतरण (निधि, कार्य, कर्मचारी) राज्यों में भिन्न है।

चरण-दर-चरण

  1. पूछी गई अवधारणा, विधि या नीति पहचानें।
  2. परिभाषा, विचारक, वर्ष या नियम याद करें।
  3. उसे स्थिति पर लागू करें और अतिवादी विकल्प हटाएँ।

उदाहरण

  • कथन: "ग्यारहवीं अनुसूची में पंचायतों के 29 विषय हैं।" → सही।
  • कथन: "पंचायत चुनाव भारत निर्वाचन आयोग कराता है।" → गलत (राज्य निर्वाचन आयोग)।
  • कथन: "PESA छठी अनुसूची के क्षेत्रों पर लागू होता है।" → गलत (पाँचवीं अनुसूची के क्षेत्र)।

ग़लतियों से बचें और उन्नत बिंदु

  • सामान्य भूल: पंचायत चुनाव भारत निर्वाचन आयोग का बताना।
  • सामान्य भूल: 29 और 18 विषयों को मिला देना।
  • सामान्य भूल: PESA को छठी अनुसूची के क्षेत्रों पर लागू करना।

त्वरित पुनरावृत्ति

  • 73वाँ: भाग IX, 29 विषय।
  • 74वाँ: भाग IXA, 18 विषय।
  • PESA 1996 पाँचवीं अनुसूची।

अभ्यास MCQ

  1. From the perspective of definition and scope, which one of the following statements about Local Government is correct?

    1. The Election Commission of India directly conducts every Panchayat and Municipal election.
    2. Local Government is unrelated to institutions, processes or real-world applications.
    3. Local Government has no exceptions or limitations in exam analysis.
    4. The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments constitutionalised rural and urban local-government frameworks.

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (d) The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments constitutionalised rural and urban local-government frameworks.. The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments constitutionalised rural and urban local-government frameworks.

  2. Consider the following statements on Local Government, focusing on definition and scope: 1. The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments constitutionalised rural and urban local-government frameworks. 2. The Election Commission of India directly conducts every Panchayat and Municipal election. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (a) 1 only. Statement 1 is correct; Statement 2 is a common misconception.

  3. With reference to Local Government (definition and scope), consider the following statements: 1. State Election Commissions supervise local-body elections. 2. Election Commission conducts elections to Parliament, state legislatures, and offices of President and Vice-President. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c) Both 1 and 2. Both statements are correct.

  4. From the perspective of practical application, which one of the following statements about Local Government is correct?

    1. The Rajya Sabha may recommend changes to a Money Bill but cannot finally amend or reject it.
    2. The Eleventh and Twelfth Schedules list subjects that may be devolved to Panchayats and Municipalities respectively.
    3. Articles 14 to 18 form the Right to Equality cluster.
    4. The President ordinarily acts on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister.

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (b) The Eleventh and Twelfth Schedules list subjects that may be devolved to Panchayats and Municipalities respectively.. The Eleventh and Twelfth Schedules list subjects that may be devolved to Panchayats and Municipalities respectively.

  5. With reference to Local Government (institutional design), consider the following statements: 1. The Election Commission of India directly conducts every Panchayat and Municipal election. 2. State Finance Commissions review the financial position of local bodies. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (b) 2 only. Only statement 2 is correct.

  6. Consider the following statements on Local Government, focusing on working mechanism: 1. State Finance Commissions review the financial position of local bodies. 2. The Eleventh and Twelfth Schedules list subjects that may be devolved to Panchayats and Municipalities respectively. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c) Both 1 and 2. Both statements are correct.

  7. With reference to Local Government (definition and scope), consider the following statements: 1. The Election Commission of India directly conducts every Panchayat and Municipal election. 2. The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments constitutionalised rural and urban local-government frameworks. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (b) 2 only. Only statement 2 is correct, so the answer is (B) 2 only. Statement 1 is incorrect — it is an overstated or wrong claim. Correct position: Election Commission conducts elections to Parliament, state legislatures, and offices of President and Vice-President. Statement 2 is correct.

  8. With reference to Local Government (working mechanism), consider the following statements: 1. The Election Commission of India directly conducts every Panchayat and Municipal election. 2. The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments constitutionalised rural and urban local-government frameworks. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (b) 2 only. Only statement 2 is correct, so the answer is (B) 2 only. Statement 1 is incorrect — it is an overstated or wrong claim. Correct position: Election Commission conducts elections to Parliament, state legislatures, and offices of President and Vice-President. Statement 2 is correct.

  9. Consider the following statements on Local Government and President & Council of Ministers, focusing on practical application: 1. The Election Commission of India directly conducts every Panchayat and Municipal election. 2. The President exercises all executive powers entirely independent of ministerial advice in ordinary circumstances. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (d) Neither 1 nor 2. None of the given statements is correct, so the answer is (D) Neither 1 nor 2. Neither statement is correct; both are common misconceptions.

  10. Consider the following statements on Local Government and President & Council of Ministers, focusing on institutional design: 1. The Election Commission of India directly conducts every Panchayat and Municipal election. 2. The President exercises all executive powers entirely independent of ministerial advice in ordinary circumstances. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (d) Neither 1 nor 2. None of the given statements is correct, so the answer is (D) Neither 1 nor 2. Neither statement is correct; both are common misconceptions.

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