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होम › परीक्षा नोट्स › UPSC Civil Services › समावेशी विकास एवं मानव विकास

समावेशी विकास एवं मानव विकास

Odisha & General Awareness

इन परीक्षाओं के लिए उपयोगी: UPSC Civil Services, OSSC RHT — Regular High School Teacher, OSEPA Primary Teacher / JT Category-I, OSEPA Upper Primary — Arts, OSEPA Upper Primary — Science, OSSSC Govt Physical Education Teacher (PET), OSSSC Govt TGT Arts, OSSSC Govt TGT Science — CBZ

और 1 परीक्षाएँ

OSSSC Govt TGT Science — PCM

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सार

समावेशी वृद्धि लाभों को व्यापक रूप से फैलाती है; मानव विकास और गरीबी सूचकांक आय से आगे के परिणाम मापते हैं।

मुख्य बिंदु

  • मानव विकास सूचकांक (UNDP) जीवन प्रत्याशा, शिक्षा (स्कूली शिक्षा के औसत और अपेक्षित वर्ष) और प्रति व्यक्ति GNI (PPP) को मिलाता है।
  • वैश्विक बहुआयामी गरीबी सूचकांक (UNDP और OPHI) स्वास्थ्य, शिक्षा और जीवन-स्तर में 10 संकेतकों का प्रयोग करता है।
  • नीति आयोग राष्ट्रीय बहुआयामी गरीबी सूचकांक प्रकाशित करता है।
  • गिनी गुणांक 0 (पूर्ण समानता) से 1 (पूर्ण असमानता) तक होता है।
  • ग्यारहवीं पंचवर्षीय योजना का विषय "तीव्र और अधिक समावेशी वृद्धि" था।
  • समावेशन में आय, लिंग, क्षेत्र, सामाजिक समूह और वित्तीय पहुँच शामिल हैं।

व्याख्या

  • असमानता-समायोजित मानव विकास सूचकांक असमानता के लिए मान घटाता है।
  • लैंगिक असमानता सूचकांक प्रजनन स्वास्थ्य, सशक्तीकरण और श्रम बाज़ार को शामिल करता है।
  • मानव पूँजी में निवेश (स्वास्थ्य, शिक्षा) समावेशी वृद्धि को आगे बढ़ाता है।
  • प्रत्यक्ष लाभ अंतरण लक्ष्यीकरण सुधारता है।
  • रोज़गार-रहित वृद्धि समावेशन को कमज़ोर करती है।

चरण-दर-चरण

  1. पूछी गई अवधारणा, विधि या तथ्य पहचानें।
  2. परिभाषा, विचारक, वर्ष या नियम याद करें।
  3. उसे लागू करें और अतिवादी या बेमेल विकल्प हटाएँ।

उदाहरण

  • कथन: "मानव विकास सूचकांक में PPP पर प्रति व्यक्ति GNI शामिल है।" → सही।
  • कथन: "1 का गिनी पूर्ण समानता दर्शाता है।" → गलत।
  • कथन: "वैश्विक बहुआयामी गरीबी सूचकांक दस संकेतकों का प्रयोग करता है।" → सही।

ग़लतियों से बचें और उन्नत बिंदु

  • सामान्य भूल: गिनी पैमाने को उलट देना।
  • सामान्य भूल: मानव विकास सूचकांक को विश्व बैंक का बताना।
  • सामान्य भूल: यह मानना कि बहुआयामी गरीबी सूचकांक केवल आय पर आधारित है।

त्वरित पुनरावृत्ति

  • मानव विकास सूचकांक: स्वास्थ्य, शिक्षा, आय।
  • बहुआयामी गरीबी सूचकांक: 10 संकेतक।
  • गिनी 0 समान, 1 असमान।

अभ्यास MCQ

  1. From the perspective of definition and scope, which one of the following statements about Inclusive Growth & Human Development is correct?

    1. Inclusive Growth & Human Development has no exceptions or limitations in exam analysis.
    2. Economic growth, poverty reduction, inequality and human development are related but distinct concepts.
    3. A rise in average income necessarily implies an equal rise in the welfare of every population group.
    4. Inclusive Growth & Human Development is unrelated to institutions, processes or real-world applications.

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (b) Economic growth, poverty reduction, inequality and human development are related but distinct concepts.. Economic growth, poverty reduction, inequality and human development are related but distinct concepts.

  2. Consider the following statements on Inclusive Growth & Human Development, focusing on definition and scope: 1. Economic growth, poverty reduction, inequality and human development are related but distinct concepts. 2. Financial and digital inclusion require attention to access, capability, grievance redress and consumer protection. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c) Both 1 and 2. Both statements are correct.

  3. With reference to Inclusive Growth & Human Development (definition and scope), consider the following statements: 1. Targeting can reduce fiscal leakage but may create exclusion errors. 2. Financial and digital inclusion require attention to access, capability, grievance redress and consumer protection. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c) Both 1 and 2. Both statements are correct.

  4. With reference to Inclusive Growth & Human Development (institutional design), consider the following statements: 1. A rise in average income necessarily implies an equal rise in the welfare of every population group. 2. Targeting can reduce fiscal leakage but may create exclusion errors. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (b) 2 only. Only statement 2 is correct.

  5. Consider the following statements on Inclusive Growth & Human Development, focusing on working mechanism: 1. Targeting can reduce fiscal leakage but may create exclusion errors. 2. A rise in average income necessarily implies an equal rise in the welfare of every population group. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (a) 1 only. Statement 1 is correct; Statement 2 is a common misconception.

  6. From the perspective of working mechanism, which one of the following statements about Inclusive Growth & Human Development is correct?

    1. The current account records trade in goods and services, primary income and transfers under standard accounting.
    2. GDP measures the value of final goods and services produced within domestic territory during a period.
    3. Revenue and capital classifications describe different economic/accounting characteristics of receipts and expenditure.
    4. Targeting can reduce fiscal leakage but may create exclusion errors.

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (d) Targeting can reduce fiscal leakage but may create exclusion errors.. Targeting can reduce fiscal leakage but may create exclusion errors.

  7. With reference to Inclusive Growth & Human Development (practical application), consider the following statements: 1. Health, education, nutrition and capabilities affect productivity as well as welfare. 2. Economic growth, poverty reduction, inequality and human development are related but distinct concepts. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c) Both 1 and 2. Both statements are correct.

  8. From the perspective of institutional design, which one of the following statements about Inclusive Growth & Human Development is correct?

    1. Capital/financial flows interact with the current account and reserve movements in the overall external account.
    2. Health, education, nutrition and capabilities affect productivity as well as welfare.
    3. Tax incidence can differ from the person legally liable to pay the tax.
    4. Real interest rate is approximately nominal interest rate minus inflation for basic analysis.

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (b) Health, education, nutrition and capabilities affect productivity as well as welfare.. Health, education, nutrition and capabilities affect productivity as well as welfare.

  9. Consider the following statements on Inclusive Growth & Human Development, focusing on practical application: 1. Financial and digital inclusion require attention to access, capability, grievance redress and consumer protection. 2. Health, education, nutrition and capabilities affect productivity as well as welfare. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c) Both 1 and 2. Both statements are correct.

  10. With reference to Inclusive Growth & Human Development (definition and scope), consider the following statements: 1. Financial and digital inclusion require attention to access, capability, grievance redress and consumer protection. 2. Targeting can reduce fiscal leakage but may create exclusion errors. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c) Both 1 and 2. Both statements are correct.

  11. From the perspective of practical application, which one of the following statements about Inclusive Growth & Human Development is correct?

    1. Logistics quality affects competitiveness alongside taxes and wages.
    2. Nominal aggregates use current prices while real aggregates adjust for price change using a base framework.
    3. Financial and digital inclusion require attention to access, capability, grievance redress and consumer protection.
    4. Demand, supply shocks, expectations, exchange rates and administered prices can all affect inflation.

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c) Financial and digital inclusion require attention to access, capability, grievance redress and consumer protection.. Financial and digital inclusion require attention to access, capability, grievance redress and consumer protection.

  12. Consider the following statements on Inclusive Growth & Human Development, focusing on institutional design: 1. Health, education, nutrition and capabilities affect productivity as well as welfare. 2. Targeting can reduce fiscal leakage but may create exclusion errors. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2

    नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल

    उत्तर देखें

    उत्तर: (c) Both 1 and 2. Both statements are correct.

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