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नीति-निदेशक तत्व एवं मूल कर्तव्य
Political Science / Civics
इन परीक्षाओं के लिए उपयोगी: UPSC Civil Services, OSSC RHT — Regular High School Teacher, OSEPA Upper Primary — Arts, OSSC Political Science, OSSSC Govt TGT Arts, SSB Lecturer (Degree Colleges), SSB TGT Arts
सार
नीति-निदेशक तत्व (भाग IV) नीति को कल्याणकारी राज्य की ओर ले जाते हैं पर न्यायालय में लागू नहीं होते; मौलिक कर्तव्य (भाग IVA) नागरिकों के दायित्व बताते हैं।
मुख्य बिंदु
- नीति-निदेशक तत्व न्यायालय में लागू नहीं होते पर "देश के शासन में मूलभूत" हैं (अनुच्छेद 37)।
- समाजवादी तत्वों में अनुच्छेद 38, 39, 41, 42 और 43 शामिल हैं; गांधीवादी तत्वों में 40 (ग्राम पंचायतें), 43 (कुटीर उद्योग), 46, 47 और 48।
- उदारवादी-बौद्धिक तत्वों में 44 (समान नागरिक संहिता), 45 (प्रारंभिक बाल्यावस्था देखभाल), 48A (पर्यावरण), 50 (न्यायपालिका का पृथक्करण) और 51 (अंतरराष्ट्रीय शांति) शामिल हैं।
- मिनर्वा मिल्स (1980) ने कहा कि मौलिक अधिकारों और नीति-निदेशक तत्वों के बीच सामंजस्य और संतुलन मूल ढाँचे का भाग है।
- मौलिक कर्तव्य स्वर्ण सिंह समिति की सलाह पर 42वें संशोधन (1976) से जोड़े गए; 11वाँ कर्तव्य (6–14 वर्ष के बच्चों की शिक्षा) 86वें संशोधन (2002) से।
- मौलिक कर्तव्य केवल नागरिकों पर लागू होते हैं और सीधे लागू नहीं कराए जा सकते।
व्याख्या
- अनुच्छेद 31C (25वाँ संशोधन) अनुच्छेद 39(b) और (c) को लागू करने वाले कानूनों की रक्षा करता है।
- चंपकम दोराइराजन (1951) ने कहा कि टकराव में मौलिक अधिकार नीति-निदेशक तत्वों पर प्रभावी होते हैं।
- अनुच्छेद 48A और 51A(g) मिलकर पर्यावरण न्यायशास्त्र का आधार हैं।
- वर्मा समिति (1999) ने मौलिक कर्तव्यों को व्यवहार में लाने के उपाय सुझाए।
- कई नीति-निदेशक तत्व बाद में कानूनों से लागू हुए (जैसे RTE के माध्यम से अनुच्छेद 45)।
चरण-दर-चरण
- हर कथन को अलग से पढ़ें; निरपेक्ष शब्दों (केवल, सभी, कभी नहीं) को रेखांकित करें।
- तथ्य को सटीक अनुच्छेद, संशोधन, वाद या संस्था से मिलाएँ।
- एक कथन तय होते ही विकल्प-संयोजनों को हटाएँ।
उदाहरण
- कथन: "अनुच्छेद 40 राज्य को ग्राम पंचायतें संगठित करने का निर्देश देता है।" → सही।
- कथन: "मौलिक कर्तव्य मूल संविधान का भाग थे।" → गलत (1976)।
- कथन: "पर्यावरण पर अनुच्छेद 48A 42वें संशोधन से जोड़ा गया।" → सही।
ग़लतियों से बचें और उन्नत बिंदु
- सामान्य भूल: नीति-निदेशक तत्वों को लागू करने योग्य मानना।
- सामान्य भूल: 11वें कर्तव्य को 1976 का बताना।
- सामान्य भूल: समान नागरिक संहिता को गांधीवादी तत्वों में रखना।
त्वरित पुनरावृत्ति
- अनुच्छेद 37: न्यायालय में अप्रवर्तनीय।
- मिनर्वा मिल्स 1980: संतुलन।
- 42वाँ (1976) कर्तव्य; 86वाँ (2002) 11वाँ कर्तव्य।
अभ्यास MCQ
From the perspective of definition and scope, which one of the following statements about DPSP & Fundamental Duties is correct?
- Directive Principles are non-justiciable but fundamental in governance.
- Directive Principles can be directly enforced by a writ petition exactly like Fundamental Rights.
- DPSP & Fundamental Duties is unrelated to institutions, processes or real-world applications.
- DPSP & Fundamental Duties has no exceptions or limitations in exam analysis.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (a) Directive Principles are non-justiciable but fundamental in governance.. Directive Principles are non-justiciable but fundamental in governance.
Consider the following statements on DPSP & Fundamental Duties, focusing on definition and scope: 1. Directive Principles are non-justiciable but fundamental in governance. 2. Courts often seek harmony between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles rather than treating them as mutually exclusive. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (c) Both 1 and 2. Both statements are correct.
With reference to DPSP & Fundamental Duties (definition and scope), consider the following statements: 1. Courts try to harmonise FRs and DPSPs (Minerva Mills case). 2. Fundamental Duties are listed in Article 51A. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (c) Both 1 and 2. Both statements are correct.
From the perspective of practical application, which one of the following statements about DPSP & Fundamental Duties is correct?
- Some Directive Principles reflect social-democratic goals while others reflect Gandhian or liberal-intellectual principles.
- Legislative subjects are distributed through the Union, State and Concurrent Lists.
- The Supreme Court has original, appellate and advisory jurisdictions in constitutionally specified matters.
- Independence of the judiciary is protected through institutional safeguards relating to tenure, removal and conditions of service.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (a) Some Directive Principles reflect social-democratic goals while others reflect Gandhian or liberal-intellectual principles.. Some Directive Principles reflect social-democratic goals while others reflect Gandhian or liberal-intellectual principles.
Consider the following statements on DPSP & Fundamental Duties, focusing on practical application: 1. Directive Principles can be directly enforced by a writ petition exactly like Fundamental Rights. 2. Some Directive Principles reflect social-democratic goals while others reflect Gandhian or liberal-intellectual principles. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (b) 2 only. Statement 2 is correct; Statement 1 is a common misconception.
From the perspective of institutional design, which one of the following statements about DPSP & Fundamental Duties is correct?
- Fundamental Duties are listed in Article 51A.
- Inter-State Council and Finance Commission perform distinct coordinating and fiscal roles.
- The basic-structure doctrine limits Parliament’s amending power without freezing every constitutional provision.
- The Finance Commission recommends principles for fiscal devolution between Union and States.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (a) Fundamental Duties are listed in Article 51A.. Fundamental Duties are listed in Article 51A.
Consider the following statements on DPSP & Fundamental Duties, focusing on working mechanism: 1. Courts often seek harmony between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles rather than treating them as mutually exclusive. 2. Some Directive Principles reflect social-democratic goals while others reflect Gandhian or liberal-intellectual principles. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (c) Both 1 and 2. Both statements are correct.
With reference to DPSP & Fundamental Duties (institutional design), consider the following statements: 1. Some Directive Principles reflect social-democratic goals while others reflect Gandhian or liberal-intellectual principles. 2. Directive Principles are non-justiciable but fundamental in governance. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (c) Both 1 and 2. Both statements are correct.
From the perspective of working mechanism, which one of the following statements about DPSP & Fundamental Duties is correct?
- Courts often seek harmony between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles rather than treating them as mutually exclusive.
- The Supreme Court has original, appellate and advisory jurisdictions in constitutionally specified matters.
- The Preamble states the nature of the Indian state and constitutional goals such as justice, liberty, equality and fraternity.
- State Finance Commissions review the financial position of local bodies.
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (a) Courts often seek harmony between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles rather than treating them as mutually exclusive.. Courts often seek harmony between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles rather than treating them as mutually exclusive.
With reference to DPSP & Fundamental Duties (practical application), consider the following statements: 1. Directive Principles can be directly enforced by a writ petition exactly like Fundamental Rights. 2. Directive Principles are non-justiciable but fundamental in governance. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
नोट्स देखें · इसी विषय के सवाल
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (b) 2 only. Only statement 2 is correct, so the answer is (B) 2 only. Statement 1 is incorrect — it is an overstated or wrong claim. Correct position: Courts often seek harmony between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles rather than treating them as mutually exclusive. Statement 2 is correct.
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