प्रत्यक्ष और अप्रत्यक्ष कथन

नियम

1. यदि reporting verb भूतकाल में हो तो काल एक कदम पीछे: is → was, will → would, has → had।
2. सार्वभौमिक सत्य का काल नहीं बदलता।
3. निकटता वाले शब्द बदलते हैं: now → then, today → that day, tomorrow → the next day, here → there।
4. प्रश्न में 'asked' + if/whether या प्रश्नवाचक शब्द, और वाक्य सामान्य क्रम में।
5. आदेश में 'told/ordered' + to + क्रिया; अनुरोध में 'requested' + to + क्रिया।

उदाहरण

• He said that he was tired.
• She asked me where I lived.
• The teacher told us to sit down.

अभ्यास MCQ

1. He said, "I am busy."

   1. He said that he is busy.
   2. He said that he was busy.
   3. He said that I was busy.
   4. He said that he had been busy.
   उत्तर देखें

   उत्तर: (b) He said that he was busy.. भूतकालीन reporting verb: 'am' → 'was'; 'I' → 'he'।

2. She said, "I will come tomorrow."

   1. She said that she will come tomorrow.
   2. She said that she would come the next day.
   3. She said that she would come tomorrow.
   4. She told that she will come the next day.
   उत्तर देखें

   उत्तर: (b) She said that she would come the next day.. 'Will' → 'would' और 'tomorrow' → 'the next day'।

3. The teacher said, "The sun rises in the east."

   1. The teacher said that the sun rose in the east.
   2. The teacher said that the sun rises in the east.
   3. The teacher said that the sun had risen in the east.
   4. The teacher told that the sun rises in the east.
   उत्तर देखें

   उत्तर: (b) The teacher said that the sun rises in the east.. सार्वभौमिक सत्य का काल वर्तमान ही रहता है।

4. He said to me, "Where do you live?"

   1. He asked me where do I live.
   2. He asked me where I lived.
   3. He asked me where did I live.
   4. He said me where I lived.
   उत्तर देखें

   उत्तर: (b) He asked me where I lived.. अप्रत्यक्ष प्रश्न में सामान्य क्रम और काल पीछे।

5. She said to him, "Are you ready?"

   1. She asked him that he was ready.
   2. She asked him if he was ready.
   3. She asked him was he ready.
   4. She told him if he is ready.
   उत्तर देखें

   उत्तर: (b) She asked him if he was ready.. हाँ–ना प्रश्न में 'if' या 'whether'।

6. The officer said to the soldiers, "Fire!"

   1. The officer ordered the soldiers to fire.
   2. The officer said the soldiers to fire.
   3. The officer ordered that the soldiers fire.
   4. The officer told the soldiers fire.
   उत्तर देखें

   उत्तर: (a) The officer ordered the soldiers to fire.. आदेश बनता है 'ordered + कर्म + to + क्रिया'।